Czech Constructicon

Team: Maria Ponomareva, Mikhail Sadov, Veronika Danilova

AdjP, až hanba • Vždyt' jsi tlustý, až hanba! • 'Iťs shameful how fat you are!'

This construction emphasizes the embarrassment or unpleasantness of some situation.
Language: ces • Structure: [[Adj Conj Adj] [až hanba]] • LU: hanba
Types: attitude | parataxis
Elements:
      cat="Adj" name="Property" role="Property"
      cat="Part" name="až"
      cat="N" name="hanba"
Examples: Vždyt' jsi Adj_až_hanba[ Property[ tlustý ], cee[ až hanba ] ] ! (It's shameful how fat you are!) • První a druhá je elegantně komfortní, le třetí třída jsou Adj_Conj_Adj_až_hanba[ Property[ stísněné a bídné ] cee[ až hanba ] ]. (First and second class cabins are elegant and comfortable, but in third class it gets crowded and embarassingly shabby.) • Jistě, Schwarzenberga v podnapilém stavu jsme ještě neviděli, ale kolikrát jsme ho už viděli Adj_až_hanba[ Property[ spícího ] cee[ až hanba ] ] ? (Of course we've never seen Schwarzenberg drunk but how many times we've cought him scandalously sneaking a nap?) • Ty boty jsou opravdu pohodlné, ale Adj_až_hanba[ Property[ předražené ] jsou cee[ až hanba ] ]. (Those boots are really comfortable but they are scandalously expensive.)

mít za sebou NP-Acc • Zkoušky mám za sebou • 'I have passed my exams'

This construction means having done or experienced NP-Acc[ an Action ].
Language: ces • Structure: [mít [za sebou] NP-Acc] • LU: mít
Types: resultative | verb argument construction | cue:have
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="Verb" name="mít" role="Action"
      cat="Prep" name="za"
      cat="Pron" name="sebou"
Examples: mít za sebou NP-Acc[ Action[ Zkoušky ] mít[ mám ] za[ za ] sebou[ sebou ] ] (I have passed my exams) • Vybrali jsme si Jakuba, který mít za sebou NP-Acc[ mít[ má ] za[ za ] sebou[ sebou ] Action[ tři sezóny v KHL ] ]. (We've chosen Jakub who has 3 seasons playing in KHL under his belt) • Sama jsem se před pár lety léčila s depresí a mít za sebou NP-Acc[ mít[ mám ] za[ za ] sebou[ sebou ] Action[ rok a půl terapie ] ]. (I myself was treated for depression a couple years ago and have been in therapy for year and a half) • mít za sebou NP-Acc[ mít[ Máte ] za[ za ] sebou[ sebou ] i Action[ několik výstav ], které se pyšní kladnými recenzemi ]. (You've got several exibitions under your belt as well as several positive reviews.)

NP-Nom moct za to • Já za to nemůžu • 'It's not my fault'

This construction is used when there is a question of Causer's blame.
Language: ces • Structure: [NP-Nom [moct [za to.SPRO-Acc]]] • LU: moct
Types: cause | verb argument construction | cue:can
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Causer" role="Causer"
      cat="Verb" name="moct"
      cat="Prep" name="za"
      cat="Pron" name="to" role="Consequence"
Examples: NP-Nom moct za to[ Causer[ Já ] za to moct[ nemůžu ]. (It's not my fault) • NP-Nom moct za to[ Causer[ Kdo ] za to moct[ může ] ? (Who's fault is that?)

NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat • Já si z Tvého nařčení vubec nic nedělám • 'That loss doesn't bother me at all'

The construction means that an Agent doesn't worry about something and does nothing to change it.
Language: ces • Structure: [[(NP1-Nom)] [z NP2-Gen] níc nedélat] • LU: níc|dělat
Types: verb argument construction | cue:do
Elements:
      cat="NP-Nom" msd="Nom" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="Prep" name="z"
      cat="NP-Gen" msd="Gen" name="Causer" role="Causer"
      cat="Adv" name="nic"
      cat="Verb" name="nedělat"
Examples: NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat[ Z Causer[ té prohry ] nic[ nic ] nedělat[ nedělám ] ]. (That loss doesn't bother me at all) • NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat[ Agent[ Já ] si z Causer[ tvého nařčení ] vubec nic[ nic ] nedělat[ nedělám ] ]. (Your accusations don't matter to me) • NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat[ Agent[ Schwarzenberg ] si totiž z Causer[ ničeho ] nic[ nic ] nedělat[ nedělá ] ]. (Schwarzenberg doesn't give a damn) • A NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat[ z Causer[ pana Kellera ] si nic[ nic ] nedělat[ nedělejte ] ], já mu taky nerozumím. (Don't warry about Pan Keller, I don't understand him either) • NP-Nom z NP-Gen nic nedělat[ Agent[ Dívka ] si z Causer[ nevraživosti domorodců ] nic[ nic ] nedělat[ nedělá ] ], protože má mnohem větší trápení. (The girl doesn't care about the locals unfriedly attitude, she's got much more serious worries)

Ať V1 Conj V1 • Ať přijde kam přijde níkde ho nemájí rádí • 'He's not wellcome anywhere he goes'

This construction descibes a continious activity that hasn't brought desired results. The construction is used to show that Agent can't do Action no matter how hard they try or tried.
Language: ces • Structure: [Ať V1 [Conj V1]] • LU:
Types: intensification | contrast | reduplication
Elements:
      cat="Particle" name="Ať;"
      cat="V" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="Conj" name="Conj"
      cat="V" name="Reduplication" role="Reduplication"
Examples: Ať_V1_Conj_V1[ Ať Action[ dělám ] Conj[ co ] Reduplication[ dělám ] prostě se neumím nalíčit (No matter how hard I try I can't learn how to do my makeup) • Ať_V1_Conj_V1[ Ať Action[ si lehnu ] Conj[ jak ] Reduplication[ si lehnu ], stejně mě pořad bolí záda (No matter which position I sleep in, my back always hurts. ) • Ať_V1_Conj_V1[ Ať Action[ přijde ] Conj[ kam ] Reduplication[ přijde ] níkde ho nemájí rádí (He's not wellcome anywhere he goes. ) • Ať_V1_Conj_V1[ Ať Action[ se snaží ] Conj[ jak ] Reduplication[ se snaží ], stejně mu příklad nevychází. (He is't happy with the translation no matter how hard he tries) • Ať_V1_Conj_V1[ Ať Action[ se dívá ] jak Reduplication[ se dívá ], stejně ji v davu nemůže najít. (He can't find her in the crowd no matter how hard he tries)

Ať VP-Pres [NP] Pro-Adj chce • At' si staví dům jaký chce stejně tam bydlet nebudu. • 'No matter what house he builds I'm not gonna live there.'

The construction is used to demonstrate to an interlocutor that something will be done differently regardless of somebody's desire.
Language: ces • Structure: [[Ať [VP-pres (NP)]] [Pro-adj chce]] • LU: chce
Types: contrast | relative clause | cue:want
Elements:
      cat="Part" name="ať"
      cat="VP" msd="pres" name="Action" role="Action"
      aux="facultative" cat="NP" name="Object"
      cat="Pro-adj" name="Pro-Adj"
      cat="Verb" name="chce"
Examples: Ať VP-Pres [NP] Pro-Adj chce[ ať[ At' ] si Action[ staví ] Object[ dům ] Pro-Adj[ jaký ] chce[ chce ] ] stejně tam bydlet nebudu. (No matter what house he builds I'm not gonna live there) • Ať VP-Pres [NP] Pro-Adj chce[ Action[ Uvař ] si Object[ polévku ] Pro-Adj[ jakou ] chce[ chceš ] ] já si stejně dám pizzu. (Cook yourself whatever soup you want, I'm gonna have pizza anyway) • Ať VP-Pres [NP] Pro-Adj chce[ ať[ Ať ] Action[ chce ] Object[ telefon ] Pro-Adj[ jaký ] chce[ chce ] ] dostane Nokiu. (Whatever he wants he shall get a Nokia)

Být NP-Acc Num • Bylo nás pět• '(There) were five of us'

Quantitative construction, the order of NP and the verb is flexible.
Language: ces • Structure: [NP-Acc být Num] • LU: být
Types: quantification
Elements:
      cat="V" name="bylo"
      cat="NP" msd="Acc" name="Theme"
      cat="Num" name="Quantity" role="Quantity"
Examples: Být_NP-Acc_Num[ Bylo Theme[ nás ] Quantity[ pět ] (There were five of us) • Být_NP-Acc_Num[ Theme[ Holek ] je Quantity[ třináct ] (There are thirteen girls)

Být NP-Dat Num • Je mi třiadvacet • 'I'm twenty three'

The construction expresses the age of a person.
Language: ces • Structure: [Být [NP-Dat Num]] • LU: být
Types: quantification | age
Elements:
      cat="V" name="být"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="Num" name="Property" role="Property"
Examples: Když jsem odcházel z armády, Být_NP-Dat_Num[ bylo Experiencer[ mi ] Property[ padesát ] ] (When I left the army, I was fifty) • Být_NP-Dat_Num[ Je Experiencer[ mi ] Property[ třiadvacet ] ] (I'm twenty three)

Být s to VP-Inf • Jsem s to udělat • 'I'm capable of doing that'

This construction is used to express somebody's capability of doing something valiant.
Language: ces • Structure: [být s to VP-Inf] • LU: být
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="být"
      cat="Prep" name="s"
      cat="Pron" name="to"
      cat="VP" msd="Inf" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: být_s_to_VP-Inf[ být[ Jsem ] s to to Action[ udělat ] ]. (I'm capable of doing that) • být_s_to_VP-Inf[ být[ Nejsem ] s to Action[ přečíst tu knihu ] ]. (I won't handle reading this book)

Co Adj-Sup/Adv-Sup [NP/VP] • Se snaží jevit v co nejlepším světle • 'He tries to show his best side'

A superlative construction.
Language: ces • Structure: [[co Adj-Sup] NP] / [VP [co Adv-Sup]] • LU: co
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Conj" name="co"
      cat="Adj/Adv" name="Property" role="Property"
      cat="NP/VP" name="Modifiee" role="Modifiee"
Examples: Se snaží jevit v Co_Adj-Sup_N[ co[ co ] Property[ nejlepším ] Modifiee[ světle ] ] (He tries to show his best side) • Tyto věci se musí Co_Adv-Sup[ Modifiee[ řešit ] co[ co ] Property[ nejdříve ] ] (The decision shoud be taken as soon as possible)

Co to být za NP-Acc! • Co to bylo za knižku! • 'What kind of book is that'

The construction is used to express speaker's rage about the Theme (somebody or something), the Theme has a negative connotation in this context.
Language: ces • Structure: [Co to [být za [NP-Acc]]!] • LU:
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Q-Pron" name="co_to"
      cat="Verb" name="být" role="Action"
      cat="Prep" name="za"
      cat="NP" msd="Acc" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Co to být za NP-Acc![ co[ Co ] to[ to ] být[ bylo ] za[ za ] Theme[ knižku ]! (What kind of book is that?) • Co to být za NP-Acc![ co[ Сo ] to[ to ] být[ je ] za[ za ] Theme[ kluka ]! (Who the hell is that?) • Co to být za NP-Acc![ co[ Сo ] to[ to ] být[ je ] za[ za ] Theme[ débila ]! (Who's that idiot?) • Co to být za NP-Acc![ co[ Co ] být[ je ] to[ to ] za[ za ] Theme[ člověka ]! (What an unpleasant person! ) • Co to být za NP-Acc![ co[ Co ] to[ to ] být[ bylo ] za[ za ] Theme[ ideoty ]! (Who were those idiots?)

CP, jaký [to] VP NP • Nemohl spát, jaká to byla bolest • 'The pain was so bad he could't sleep'

The constrution is used to say that VP_NP is the cause for CP.
Language: ces • Structure: [[CP], [jaký (to) VP [NP]]] • LU: jaký
Types: cause | relative clause
Elements:
      cat="CP" name="Consequence" role="Consequence"
      cat="Conj" name="jaký"
      aux="Facultative" cat="Part" name="to"
      cat="VP NP" name="Reason" role="Reason"
Examples: CP, jaký_to_VP_NP[ Consequence[ Nemohl spát ], jaká to Reason[ byla bolest ] ]. (The pain was so bad he could't sleep) • CP, jaký_VP_NP[ Consequence[ Nemohl stát ], jak Reason[ bolely nohy ] ]. (His legs hurt so bad he couldn't sleep)

Dělat jako že VP • Delá, jako že spi • '(She) pretends to be sleeping'

The construction means that agent pretends to experience what is described in the subordinate clause.
Language: ces • Structure: [Dělat [jako [že VP]]] • LU:
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name=" dělat" role="Action"
      cat="Adv" name="jako"
      cat="Conj" name="že"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Dělat_jako_že_VP[ dělat[ Delá ], jako že Action[ spi ] ]. ((She) pretends to be sleeping) • Dělat_jako_že_VP[ dělat[ Dělal ], cee[ jako ] cee[ že ] si místo palce Action[ zlomil páteř ]. (He pretended as if he broke the spine, not finger) • Že je to „fízl“ bylo jasné z toho, jak se snažil natáčet a Dělat_jako_že_VP[ dělat[ dělat ] jako že Action[ nenatáčí ] (You could tell he was a cop because he was filming and trying to make it look like he wasn't )

dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins • Co dělá elektronickou cigaretu cigaretou. • 'What makes an electronic sigarette a sigarette.'

With this construction the Feature[ prototypical features ] of Theme[ an object or an action ] are being emphasized.
Language: ces • Structure: NP1-Nom_děla_NP2-Acc_NP2-Inst • LU: None
Types: reduplication | verb argument construction | cue:do
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Feature" role="Feature"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="V" name="dělat"
      cat="NP" name="Reduplication" role="Reduplication"
Examples: dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins[ Feature[ Co ] dělat[ dělá ] Theme[ elektronickou cigaretu ] Reduplication[ cigaretou ] ] a zajišťuje jejímu uživateli její finanční dostupnost, jsou Feature[ náplně do elektronické cigarety ] (Flavouring is what makes an electronic sigarette a sigarette and guarantees its'affordability for the consumers) • iPhone má samozřejmě i dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins[ Feature[ funkce ], které dělat[ dělají ] Theme[ telefon ] Reduplication[ telefonem ] ] (IPhone has some functions that make a telephone) • Ale dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins[ Feature[ kola ] dělat[ dělají ] Theme[ auto ] Reduplication[ autem ] ] (But it's the wheels that make a car ) • dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins[ Feature[ Co ] dělat[ dělá ] Theme[ buchty ] Reduplication[ buchtama ]? Feature[ Droždí ]! (What makes the buns? It's yeast! ) • I v této pohádce, stejně jako v téměř všech ostatních, se vyskytují dělat NP1-Acc NP2-Ins[ Feature[ nadpřirozené postavy ], které dělat[ dělají ] Theme[ pohádku ] Reduplication[ pohádkou ] ] (This fairy tale like many others is full of fictional characters that make a fairy tale )

Dělat ze sebe Adj-Gen|NP-Gen • Nedělej ze sebe důležitého • 'Get off your high horse'

The construction is used when a speaker wants to point out that his interlocutor is pretending.
Language: ces • Structure: [Dělat [ze sebe [Adj-Gen|NP-Gen]]] • LU: dělat
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="dělat" role="Action"
      cat="Prep" name="ze"
      cat="Pron" name="sebe"
      cat="Adj-Gen_NP" name="Property" role="Property"
Examples: Dělat_ze_sebe_Adj-Gen[ dělat[ Nedělej ] ze sebe Property[ důležitého ] ]. (Get off your high horse) • Na toho soudce perfektně sehrál, když Dělat_ze_sebe_Adj-NP-Gen[ ze sebe dělat[ dělal ] Property[ chudáka ] ]. (He has successfully hoodwinked the judge by pretending to be poor) • Dělat_ze_sebe_NP-Gen[ dělat[ Nedělej ] ze sebe Property[ puritána ] ]. (Don't be a prude) • Dělat_ze_sebe_NP-Gen[ dělat[ Dělají ] ze sebe Property[ bílé, ničím neposkvrněné ovce ] ]. (They pretend to be unsullied white sheep) • A nebo to chápou, ale Dělat_ze_sebe_Adj-Gen[ dělat[ dělají ] ze sebe Property[ nechápavé ] úmyslně. (They understand everything but they pretend to be clueless)

Dobře N-Dat tak • Chtělo se mi říct, dobře jim tak, ale nebudu jízlivý • 'I'd like to say "they had it coming" but don't want to be snippy'

The construction is used to say that someone got what he or she deserved.
Language: ces • Structure: [Dobře N-Dat tak] • LU: tak
Types: Dative | attitude
Elements:
      cat="Adj" name="dobře"
      cat="N" msd="Dat" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="Adv" name="tak"
Examples: Je zase chyba těch samých novinářů - nemají zájem se organizovat. Chtělo se mi říct, Dobře_N-Dat_tak[ dobře Experiencer[ jim ] tak ], ale nebudu jízlivý. (This is again the journalists' own falt, they don't want to self-organize, I'd like to say "they had it coming" but don't want to be snippy) • Jestli tedy o elektřině nic nevíte, vrazíte pracky kam nemáte a dostanete ránu, Dobře_N-Dat_tak![ dobře Experiencer[ Vám ] tak ]. (If You don't know anything about electicity and stick your hands where they don't belong, it serves You right to be electrocuted.)

Jaký [být] [to] NP! • Jaká to bída! • 'What a disaster!'

.The construction is used to emphasize the speaker's highly emotional reaction to an event or information; "jaký" here means "superlative".
Language: ces • Structure: [Jaký (být) (to) [NP]] • LU: jaký
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Adj-pro" name="jaký"
      aux="facultative" cat="V" name="být"
      aux="facultative" cat="Part" name="to"
      cat="Noun" name="Property" role="Property"
Examples: - Představ si, že naší sousedce zemřel manžel. - Jaký_[být]_[to]_N![ jaký[ Jaké ] Property[ neštěstí ] ]! Teď zůstala na všechno sama. (-Just imagine, our neighbour's husband has died. - What horror! She's now the sole breadwinner.) • Jaký_[být]_[to]_N![ jaký[ Jaká ] Property[ krása ]! (What a beauty!) • Jaký_[být]_[to]_N![ jaký[ Jaký ] být[ je ] to[ to ] Property[ člověk ]! (What a man!) • Jaký_[být]_[to]_N![ jaký[ jaké ] Property[ neštěstí ]! (How unfortunate!)

Jakýpak N! • Jaképak řeči! • 'There is nothing to talk about'

The construction is used to express the speaker's ironic attitude towards the object of the discussion.
Language: ces • Structure: [Jakýpak N] • LU: jakýpak
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Pro" name="jakýpak"
      cat="Noun" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: - Moje sousedka žije v bídě, nemá dost peněz na nové kalhoty. - Jakýpak_N![ jakýpak[ Jakápak ] Theme[ bída ] ]! Vždyť byla letos dvakrát u moře. (- My neighbour is so very poor she doesn't even have money for a new pair of pants. - What a pity! She's already been to the sea side twice this year) • jakypak_N![ jakýpak[ Jaképak ] Theme[ řeči ] ]! (There is nothing to talk about) • jakypak_N![ jakýpak[ jaképak ] Theme[ strachy ] ]! (There's nothing to fear) • jakýpak[ jakýpak[ jakápak ] Theme[ bída ] ]! (Where is the harm in that?)

Jakýs takýs N • Našel si jakous takous záminku • 'He's found a so-called excuse'

The construction is used to describe N as "mediocre": not bad, but not good enough.
Language: ces • Structure: [Jakýs takýs NP] • LU: takýs|jakýs
Types: attributive | indefiniteness
Elements:
      cat="Adj-pro" name="jakýs"
      cat="Adj-pro" name="takýs"
      cat="Noun" name="Theme"
Examples: Našel si Jakýs_takýs_N[ jakous takous Theme[ záminku ] ]. (He's found a so-called excuse.)

Jde to AdvP • Jde to skvěle • 'Everything's going well'

The construction is used to describe Specification[ the way ] to[ the situation ] unfolds.
Language: ces • Structure: [Jde to AdvP] • LU: jde
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="jde"
      cat="Part" name="to"
      cat="Adv_P" name="Specification" role="Specification"
Examples: Jde_to_Adv_P[ Jde to Specification[ báječně ] ] i sluníčko vykukuje a vrhá dlouhé stíny. (Everything is dreamy and the son is peaking out and leaving long shadows.) • Jde_to_Adv_P[ Jde to Specification[ podstatně hůř ] ]. (Now everything is getting much worse.) • Jde_to_Adv_P[ Jde to Specification[ skvěle ] ]. (Everything's going well)

Jít o NP-Acc • Jde o toho človeka • 'We are speaking about that man'

This construction is used to introduce a topic of the discussion. The order of components can be changed.
Language: ces • Structure: [jít o [NP-Acc]] • LU: jít
Types: topicalization
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="jít"
      cat="Prep" name="o"
      cat="NP" msd="Acc" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: jít_o_NP-Acc[ A o Theme[ to ] jde ].(That what this is about) • jít_o_NP-Acc[ Jde o Theme[ toho človeka ] ]. (We are speaking about that man)

Kdo to kdy V-Pst, [aby] CP • Kdo to kdy viděl, chodit v zimě bez kabátu ([Kdo to kdy [viděl]V-Pst|, [chodit v zimě bez kabátu]Theme| ]Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst,_CP • 'Who ever heard of not wearing a coat in the winter'

This construction means that situation, described in CP, is very unrealistic or unacceptable for the speaker. It can be only "viděl" or "slyšel" for the V-Pst.
Language: ces • Structure: [Kdo to kdy V-Pst], [aby CP] • LU: aby
Types: attitude | indignation
Elements:
      cat="Pron" name="kdo"
      cat="Pron" name="to"
      cat="Pron" name="kdy"
      cat="V" name="V-Pst"
      cat="Conj" name="aby"
      cat="CP" name="Theme"
Examples: Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst, CP[ Kdo to kdy V-Pst[ viděl ], Theme[ chodit v zimě bez kabátu ] ] (Who ever heard of not wearing a coat in the winter) • Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst, [aby]_CP![ Kdo to kdy V-Pst[ slyšel ], Theme[ aby se někdo jmenoval Pampeliška ] ] (Who ever heard of the person named Pampeliška!) • Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst, [aby]_CP[ Kdo to kdy V-Pst[ slyšel ], Theme[ péct si doma sám chleba ] ] (Who ever heard of baking bread at home) • Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst, [aby]_CP[ Kdo to kdy V-Pst[ slyšel ], aby Theme[ v písních bylo tolik sprostých slov ] ] (Who ever heard of there being so many swear words in songs! ) • Kdo_to_kdy_V-Pst, [aby]_CP?[ Kdo to kdy V-Pst[ slyšel ], aby Theme[ byl Artuš Říman ] ] (Who ever heard of King Arthur being Roman)

Místo PP1 VP PP2/V-INF • Místo do smíchu se dala do pláče • 'Instead of laughing she burst into tears'

This construction is used to say that something was done instead of what was planned or expected.
Language: ces • Structure: [místo [PP1] [VP PP2/V-INF]] • LU: misto
Types: contrast
Elements:
      cat="Prep" name="misto"
      cat="PP1" name="Comparee" role="Comparee"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="PP2|V" lu="Inf for Verb" name="Standard" role="Standard"
Examples: Místo_PP1_VP_PP2[ Místo Comparee[ do smíchu ] se Action[ dala ] Standard[ do pláče ] ]. (Instead of laughing she burst into tears.) • místo_PP1_VP_PP2[ Místo Comparee[ v devět ] Action[ přišel ] Standard[ v osm ] ]. (He came at eight instead of nine.) • místo_PP1_VP_PP2[ Misto Comparee[ holčičky ] Action[ se narodil ] Standard[ chlapeček ] ]. (Instead of having a girl they had a boy.) • místo_PP1_VP_V-Inf[ Místo na Comparee[ hodinu ] Action[ šla ] Standard[ plavat ] ]. (Instead of going to her lessons she went for a swim.) • A nebo si delejte co chcete, ale pak se nedivte, ze Místo_PP1_VP_PP2[ misto Comparee[ v plusu ] jste Standard[ v minusu ] ]. (You can do it Your way but don't be surprised if instead of being in the black You end up in the red.)

Mít [to] VP-Prtcp.Past • Zvládli jste to? Máte vybráno? • 'Have you decided? What whould you like to order?'

The construction when used with transitive verb (zavřit (to close smth) or vybrát(to choose smth)) emphasizes the result of described action, the nominative participant is an Actor in this case. When used with ditransitive verb it works like actant derivation when the indirect object of the original gets the nominative marker while the original Agent is omitted (připravit(to prepare smth for smb)).
Language: ces • Structure: [Mít [to] V-Pst.Part] • LU: mít
Types: resultativ | passiv
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="mít"
      cat="Verb" lu="Pst.Part" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="Actor" role="Actor"
      cat="NP" name="Undergoer" role="Undergoer"
Examples: Zvládli jste to? Mít_[to]_V-Pst.Part[ mít[ Máte ] Action[ vybráno ] ] ? (Have you decided? What whould you like to order?) • Pokud to Mít_[to]_V-Pst.Part[ mít[ máte ] Action[ povoleno ] ], zjistíte, že jen některé tagy fungují. (You can check functionality of these tags if you have permission) • Bohužel Mít_[to]_V-Pst.Part.[ mít[ měli ] Action[ zavřeno ] (Their place was closed) • Mít_[to]_V-Pst.Part[ mít[ Máte ] Action[ vyhráno ] ] ! (You are the winner!) • Mít_[to]_V-Pst.Part[ Undergoer[ Větší soubory ] mít[ máte ] Action[ připraveny ] ke ztažení v okně navigace. (You can find more materials (they are prepared for you to download) in the navigation window)

Mít co V-inf/PP • Nemám co číst • 'I've got nothing to read'

This construction means lack of possession or ocupation in relation to a person.
Language: ces • Structure: [Mít [co V-inf/PP]] • LU: mít
Types:
Elements:
      cat="V" name="mít"
      cat="Conj" name="co"
      cat="V/PP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Mít_co_V-inf[ mít[ Nemám ] co Action[ číst ] (I've got nothing to read) • Mít_co_V-inf[ mít[ Máš ] co Action[ dělat ] ] ? (Are you busy right now?) • Mít_co_PP[ mít[ Nemám ] co Action[ na práci ] (I've got nothing to work on.) • Mít_co_PP[ mít[ Nemám ] co Action[ na sebe ] (I've got nothing to wear.)

Mít NP-Gen plnou hlavu • Měl Adély plnou hlavu • 'She was head over hills in love with Adela'

If NP is animate, the construction is used to say that someone loves NP; if NP is inanimate, the construction is used to say that someone is really preoccupied by NP; NP might be moved to the right periphery of the construction.
Language: ces • Structure: [Mít [NP-Gen] plnou hlavu] • LU: hlava
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="Mít" role="Action"
      cat="NP" msd="Gen" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="Adj" name="plnou"
      cat="Noun" name="hlavu"
Examples: Mít_NP-Gen_plnou_hlavu[ Mít plnou hlavu Theme[ někoho jiného ] ]. (She was head over hills in love with somebody else.) • Mít_NP-Gen_plnou_hlavu[ Měl Theme[ Adély ] plnou hlavu ]. (She was head over hills in love with Adela.) • Mít_NP-Gen_plnou_hlavu[ Mít plnou hlavu Theme[ starostí ] ]. (She had a ton of worries.)

Mít za to, že CP • Mám za to, že to udělala ona • 'I think she's the one who did it'

The construction is a way to express one's point of view (personal or common) on the situation.
Language: ces • Structure: [[Mít za to], [že CP]] • LU: mít
Types: evaluation
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="mít" role="Action"
      cat="Prep" name="za"
      cat="Pron" name="to"
      cat="Conj" name="že"
      cat="CP" name="Information" role="Information"
Examples: Mít_za_to, že_CP[ mít[ Mám ] za to, že Information[ to udělala ona ] (I think she's the one who did it) • Dlouho mít[ se mělo ] za to, že Information[ tzv kvalitními bílkovinami jsou pouze živočišné potraviny jako maso, vejce a mléko ] (For a long time only animal source foods such as meet, milk and aggs have been considered high quality proteins) • Mít_za_to, že_CP[ Analytici ale mít[ mají ] za to, že Information[ je to jen začátek dalších plateb ] ]. (But the anlalysts consider this to be only the begining of payments) • Mít_za_to, že_CP[ A mít[ mám ] za to, že Information[ se eurozona rozpadne ] ] (I expect the Eurozone to fall)

N-PRO NP-Voc Adj-F • Ty kluku pítoma! • 'What a fool You are!'

The constrction is used to offend somebody and express speaker's negative feelings about that person.
Language: ces • Structure: [N-PRO [NP-Voc Adj-F]] • LU:
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="N-PRO" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="NP Adj" lu="Voc for NP, F for Adj" name="Property" role="Property"
Examples: Asi skleroza nebo co. Ach, N-PRO_NP-Voc_Adj-F![ Agent[ vy ] Property[ hlavo děravá ] (Must be sclerosis or something. You're so forgetful!) • N-PRO_NP-Voc_Adj-F[ Agent[ Ty ] Property[ kluku pítoma ] ! (What a fool You are!) • N-PRO_NP-Voc_Adj-F[ Agent[ Ty ] Property[ chlape neštastná ] ! (Oh You, poor fool!) • N-PRO_NP-Voc_Adj-F[ Agent[ Vy ] Property[ lháři zasraný ] ! (You damn liars!)

nechat NP1-Nom NP1-Ins [and VP] • Nechal knihu knihou [a šel spát] • 'left the book as-a-book (=stopped reading the book) [and went to bed]'

This construction means to stop interacting with theme[ an object ] pertaining to it's most common quality.
Language: ces • Structure: [nechát [N1-Nom] [N1-Inst]] ([and VP]) • LU: leave N1-Nom N1-Inst (and VP)
Types: reduplication
Elements:
      cat="Theme" name="Theme" role="NP"
      cat="V" name="nechát"
      cat="Theme" name="Reduplication" role="NP"
Examples: nechat_NP-Nom_NP-Inst[ nechát[ nechal ] Theme[ oběd ] Reduplication[ obědem ] a utěkl (He ran away without finnishing his dinner) • nechat_NP-Nom_NP-Inst[ nechát[ Nechal ] Theme[ knihu ] Reduplication[ knihou ] a šel do praci (He'd stopped reading (= left the book) and left.) • Krokodýl to nakonec po krátkém souboji vzdal, nechat_NP-Nom_NP-Inst[ nechát[ nechal ] Theme[ dítě ] Reduplication[ dítětem ] a zmizel v jezeru (After a shot struggle the crocodile had finally released the child and disappeared into the lake) • Pokročilé technologii umožňuje uživatelům stolních počítačů ] nechat_NP-Nom_NP-Inst[ nechát[ nechat ] Theme[ stůl ] Reduplication[ stolem ] a sdílet zábavu s rodinou a přáteli kdykoli a kdekoli (Advanced technology allows PC users to leave their desks and spend time with their friends and family anytime anywhere) • Prosím vás nechat_NP-Nom_NP-Inst[ nechát[ nechte ] Theme[ volby ] Reduplication[ volbama ] už je po nich a co se stalo stalo se (Please leave the election alone, it's over, and what's done it's done)

Něco Adj-Gen • Snažím se dělat každý den něco nového • 'I try everyday to do something new-Dat'

The construction is used to mark something as undefined but with a certain quality expressed in Adj.
Language: ces • Structure: [Něco Adj-Gen] • LU: něco
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Pron" name="Něco"
      cat="Adj" msd="Gen" name="Specification" role="Specification"
Examples: Prostě každému se líbí Něco_Adj-Gen[ něco Specification[ jiného ] (It's just that everyone has their own thing) • Snažím se dělat každý den Něco_Adj-Gen[ něco Specification[ nového ] a dělat to poctivě. (I try everyday to do something new and to do it well)

Něco k N-Dat • Něco k pití? • 'Would You like something to drink?'

The construction is used to describe any item which can be usefull for an action. The most common usage is in situation of ordering.
Language: ces • Structure: [něco k N-Dat] • LU: k
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Pron" name="něco"
      cat="Prep" name="k"
      cat="N" lu="Dat" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Něco_k_N-Dat[ Něco k Theme[ pití ] ? (Would You like something to drink?) • Něco_k_N-Dat[ Něco k Theme[ jidlu ] ] ? (Would You like something to eat?) • Něco_k_N-Dat[ Něco k Theme[ zakousnutí ] ]. (Would you like to have any snacks?) • Mužu poprosit Něco_k_N-Dat[ něco ke Theme[ čtění ] ] ? (can I ask You to bring me something to read?) • Měli jsme Něco_k_N-Dat[ něco ke Theme[ shlédnutí ] ]. (We had some films to watch.)

Nějaký ten N • Nějakou tu korunu jsme už našetřili • 'We've already have some money saved'

It is a quantitave construction that describes a fairly large amount of something.
Language: ces • Structure: [nějaký ten [N]] • LU: ten
Types: numeral
Elements:
      cat="Adj-pro" name="nějaký"
      cat="Adj-pro" name="ten"
      cat="N" name="Object" role="Object"
Examples: nějaký_ten_N[ Nějakou tu Object[ korunu ] jsme už našetřili (We've already have some money saved) • Bude to trvat ještě nějaký_ten_N[ nějaký ten Object[ pátek ] (It's gonna last a while longer) • nějaký_ten_N[ Nějakou tu Object[ knižku ] už jsem přeložila (I've already translated my fair share of books)

Neсhávat VP • Nechal si ostříhat vlasy • 'He had his hair cut'

This construction means "to get some service, for money or for free".
Language: ces • Structure: [Neсhávat [VP]] • LU: neсhávat
Types: aspekt | actant derivation
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="neсhávat" role="Action"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Neсhávat_VP[ neсhávat[ Nechal ] si Action[ ostříhat vlasy ] ]. (He had his hair cut) • Neсhávat_VP[ neсhávat[ Nechal ] si Action[ přinést oběd ] ]. (He had his lunch delivered) • Neсhávat_VP[ neсhávat[ Nech ] si Action[ zkrátit kalhoty ] ]. (Get your trousers hemmed) • Neсhávat_VP[ Ale neсhávat[ nechat ] si Action[ vyšetřit zrak ] by měl jednou za čas a zjistit tak, jak na tom s očima opravdu je. (Everyone should get their eyeside checked to figure out what the condition of their eyes actually is)

No to je N-Nom/Adj-Nom! • No to je legrace! • 'Well, what a hoot!'

The construction is used to express a feeling (using N or Adj) of being surprised (usually positively).
Language: ces • Structure: [No to je [N-Nom/Adj-Nom]]! • LU: to
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Adv" name="no"
      cat="Pron" name="to"
      cat="Verb" name="je"
      cat="N/Adj" lu="Nom" name="Specification" role="Specification"
Examples: No_to_je_N-Nom![ No to je Specification![ legrace ] (Well, what a hoot!) • No_to_je_N-Nom![ No to je Specification[ něco ] (That's something! (unexpectedly good)) • No_to_je_Adj-Nom![ No to je Specification[ hustý ] (That's dope!) • No_to_je_N-Nom![ No to je Specification[ sranda ] (That's funny!)

NP [CP] a být ten tam • Jákub otočil se a byl ten tam • 'Jakub turned around and dissapeared'

This construction means "to disappear suddenly".
Language: ces • Structure: [[NP] (CP) být ten tam] • LU: být
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="Verb" name="být_ten" role="Action"
      cat="Adv" name="tam"
Examples: NP_[CP]_být_ten_tam.[ Agent[ Jákub ] otočil se a být_ten[ byl ten tam (Jakub turned around and dissapeared) • NP_[CP]_být_ten_tam.[ Než se vzpamatoval, Agent[ Adela ] být_ten[ byla ta tam (Before he could gather his wits, Adela dissapeared) • NP_[CP]_být_ten_tam.[ Agent[ Zlaté časy Telefoniky ] být_ten[ jsou ty tam ] (Telefonika's Golden Age has passed) • NP_[CP]_být_ten_tam.[ Agent[ Jeho výborné výkony z úvodu tohoto ročníku ] být_ten[ jsou ty tam ]. (His excelent performances at the start of the year are in the past.)

NP o Num-Loc N-Loc • Dům o deseti poschodích • 'Ten-storey building'

This construction descibes objects that consist of multiple parts.
Language: ces • Structure: [NP [o [Num-Loc N-Loc]] • LU: o
Types: numeral
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Possessor" role="Possessor"
      cat="Prep" name="o"
      cat="Num" name="Quantity" role="Quantity"
      cat="N" name="Possessee" role="Possessee"
Examples: NP_o_Num-Loc_N-Loc[ Possessor[ Dům ] o Quantity[ deseti ] Possessee[ poschodích ] (Ten-storey building) • NP_o_Num-Loc_N-Loc[ Possessor[ Představení ] o Quantity[ dvou ] Possessee[ dějstvích ] (Two-act play) • NP_o_Num-Loc_N-Loc[ Possessor[ Jídlo ] o Quantity[ třech ] Possessee[ chodech ] (Three-course meal)

NP-Nom mluví sám za sebe • Jeho čin mluví sám za sebe • 'His action speaks for itself'

The construction is used to say that an object has a self-evident quality and presupposes certain preceeding circumstances (which are clear for Interlocutor)
Language: ces • Structure: [[NP-Nom] mluví [sám za sebe]] • LU: sebe
Types: evidentiality
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="Nom" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="Verb" name="mluví" role="Action"
      cat="Pron" name="sám"
      cat="Prep" name="za"
      cat="Pron" name="sebe"
Examples: NP-Nom_mluví_sám_za_sebe[ Agent[ Jeho čin ] mluví sám za sebe ]. (His action speaks for itself) • NP-Nom_mluví_sám_za_sebe[ Agent[ Jeho výraz ] mluvil sám za sebe (His facial expression spoke for itself) • NP-Nom_mluví_sám_za_sebe[ Agent[ Výsledek ] mluví sam za sebe. (The results speak for themselves)

NP-Nom rád VP-Fin • Napište nám a my Vám rádi poradíme • 'Write us a letter and it would be our pleasure to give you some advice'

This construction is used to express that the agent[ Agent ] enjoys action[ taking some action ]
Language: ces • Structure: [NP-Nom [rád VP-fin]] • LU: rád
Types:
Elements:
      cat="adjective" name="rád"
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: NP-Nom_rád_VP-fin[ Agent[ Dítě ] rád[ rádo ] verb[ učí ] a se bohužel ocitlo ve skupině dětí, jež o školu vůbec nestojí. (The child enjoys learning but unfortunately he wound up in a class with children who are not interested in studying at all) • Napište nám a NP-Nom_rád_VP-fin[ Agent[ my ] Vám rád[ rádi ] Action[ poradíme ] (Write us a letter and it would be our pleasure to give you some advice) • Agent[ Ta právnička ] si prostě odjakživa rád[ ráda ] Action[ kreslila ] (This lawyer has enjoyed painting since she was little)

NP,... NP a tak • Pan učitel pořádně a se zájmem podíval a zkontroloval deníky, domácí úkoly, ilustrace a tak • 'The teacher was reviewing our report cards, tasks, illustrations and so on'

"Et cetera", usually used after enumerating two or more items.
Language: ces • Structure: [[NP],[...] [NP] a tak] • LU:
Types: enumeration
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="Conj" name="a"
      cat="Adv-pro" name="tak"
Examples: Pouziva se to pro urychlení sond ktere míří treba k (NP, +_NP_a_tak[ Theme[ jupiteru ], Theme[ saturnu ] a tak ] (This is used to exhilarate the probe set out for Jupiter, Saturn etc.) • Pan učitel pořádně a se zájmem podíval a zkontroloval (NP, +_NP_a_tak[ Theme[ deníky ], Theme[ domácí úkoly ], Theme[ ilustrace ] a tak ] (The teacher was reviewing our report cards, tasks, illustrations and so on) • Já jsem po obchodech sháněla takové ty chlapské dárky, což znamená (NP, +_NP_a_tak[ Theme[ vstupenky na hokej ], Theme[ hodinky ] a tak ] (I was looking for so-called "gifts for him", meaning hockey tickets, watches and so on) • Láká mě i Rusko, (NP, +_NP_a_tak[ Theme[ Bajkal ], Theme[ Kamčatka ], Theme[ Altaj ], Theme[ Kavkaz ] a tak ] (I'm also intrigued by Russia, lake Baikal, Kamchatka, Altai, the Caucasus, and so on) • Jako milou oddechovku bych doporučila seriál "Once Upon a Time" (Theme[ pohádky ], Theme[ vášně ], Theme[ nenávist a tak ] ) (To unwind I'd recommend watching Once Upon a Time (tales, love, hate etc.))

NP, ten VP • Fotbal, ten on nevynechá nikdy • 'A football match is what he'd never miss.'

This construction is used to emphasize participant of an action, described by VP. The emphasized element is opposed to other possible participants of the situation.
Language: ces • Structure: [NP, ten VP] • LU:
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="Pron" name="ten"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: NP, ten_VP[ Theme[ Fotbal ], ten on Action[ nevynechá ] nikdy ]. (A football match is what he'd never miss.) • NP, ten_VP[ Theme[ K Pavlovi ], k tomu se vždycky Action[ těšime ] ]. (Pavel is the one we're always happy to see.) • NP, ten_VP[ Theme[ Praha ], ta Action[ je především památky ] ]. (Prague is first of all a memory.) • NP, ten_VP[ Theme[ Buddhista ], ten Boha jako cíl Action[ nemá ] ]. (For a buddhist God is not a goal in itself.)

Patři NP-Dat to [pro N-Acc] • Prostě si to zavinil sám a patří mu to! • 'It's his fault, it serves him right!'

The construction is used to spitefully say that Experiencer[ somebody ] got what they patři[ deserved ] and to point out Reason[ the reason why ] (facultative pro N-Acc).
Language: ces • Structure: [patři [N-Dat to] [pro N-Acc]] • LU: patři
Types: attitude
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="patři"
      cat="N" msd="Dat" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="Part" name="to"
      cat="Prep" name="pro"
      cat="N" msd="Acc" name="Reason" role="Reason"
Examples: Prostě si to zavinil sám a patři_N-Dat_to_(pro_N-Acc)[ patří Experiencer[ mu to ]! (It's his fault, it serves him right!) • patři_N-Dat_to_(pro_N-Acc)[ Patřilo Experiencer[ mu ] to pro Reason[ hamižnost ] ], ke které ho nabádala jeho drahá polovička. (that's what he got for his greed that was encouraged by his beloved one) • patři_N-Dat_to_(pro_N-Acc)[ Patří ] Experiencer[ mi to ], když jsem nepořádná a vodou nedala rododendronům jak jsem jim slibovala! (It serves me right for being inattentive and not whatering rhododendron on time as I promised it)

Taková=NP... • Takovou vedl celý den • 'He was talking about it all day long'

The adjective is used as a substitute for nouns with meaning of speech, idea, approach, thought, it is allways in form of feminine singular regardless of what it stays for.
Language: ces • Structure: [[taková]...] • LU: taková
Types: anaphora
Elements:
      cat="Adj-Pro" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Taková=NP[ Theme[ Takovou ] vedl celý den. (He was talking about it all day long) • Taková=NP[ S Theme[ takovou ] ] odešel. (He said it and left) • Taková=NP[ S Theme[ takovou ] ] se nedomluvíme. (That way we won't reach an agreement) • Taková=NP[ S Theme[ takovou ] ] na mě nechod. (Don't bother me with this) • Taková=NP[ S Theme[ takovou ] ] bude mít doktorat už k třidceti. (With that attitude he'll get his doctorat by the time he's thirty)

VP o [NumP-Acc/NP-Acc] NP-Acc • Přerůst o hlavu • 'He's outgrown me and now he's a head taller than me'

This construction describes a degree of change in any measurement (distance, size, weight, time).
Language: ces • Structure: [V [o [(Num-Acc/N-Acc) N-Acc]]] • LU: o
Types: comparison | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="V" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="Prep" name="o"
      cat="Num/N" name="Quantity" role="Quantity"
      cat="N" name="Specification" role="Specification"
Examples: V_o_N-Acc[ Action[ Přerůst ] o Specification[ hlavu ] (He's outgrown me and now he's a head taller than me) • V_o_N-Acc_N-Acc[ Action[ Přišel ] o Quantity[ krok ] Specification[ blíž ] (He's come a step closer) • V_o_[Num-Acc/N-Acc]_N-Acc[ Action[ Přišel ] o Quantity[ den ] Specification[ dřive ] (He's arrived a day earlier.) • V_o_Num-Acc_N-Acc[ Action[ Ztloustl ] o Quantity[ deset ] Specification[ kilo ] ]. (He's gained ten kilo.)

Co NP, to NP • Co Čech, to muzikant • 'Every Czech is a musician'

This construction is mainly used to describe stereotypes about nationalities. It can also be used with some everyday items.
Language: ces • Structure: [Сo [NP]], [to [NP]] • LU: to
Types: evaluation
Elements:
      cat="Conj" name="co"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="Pron" name="to"
      cat="NP" name="Specification" role="Specification"
Examples: Co_NP, to_NP[ Co Theme[ Čech ], to Specification[ muzikant ] (Every Czech is a musician) • Co_NP, to_NP[ Co Theme[ Rus ], to Specification[ drahé boty ] (Every Russian has an expensive pair of boots. ) • Co_NP, to_NP[ Co Theme[ dům ], to Specification[ zahrada ] (Every house comes with a garden.)

Mehweb Dargwa Constructicon

Team: Ilya Chechuro, Polina Kasyanova

aχir S • aχir usaunna • '[he] finally fell asleep'

This use of the word aχir 'end' means 'finally'.
Language: darm • Structure: [aχir [S]] • LU: aχir 'end'
Types:
Elements:
      cat="ADV" name="aχir"
      cat="S" name="S" role="S"
Examples: u-i-ra ka-jʔ-i-le aχir[ aχir ] S[ usa-un-na ] (1.be-PST-1/2 down-sit.down.PFV-PST-CVB end M.sleep.PFV-AOR-1/2) 'He's been sitting (for a long time) and finally fell asleep'

bikes S|NP • sija bikiba • 'What happened?'

It happened that S / NP happened.
Language: darm • Structure: [bikes [S]] • LU: bikes 'fall'
Types: fall
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="bikes"
      cat="S" name="S"
      cat="NP" name="NP"
Examples: bikes[ ʡaˤχ-le b-ik-ib ] S[ ʡaj adaj uʔ-i-le ša-w ] (good-CVB N-fall.IPFV-PST perhaps father M.be-PST-CVB village-M(ESS)) 'It is good that father was in the village' • NP[ hel=ʔʷan ] bikes[ b-ik-i-le ] le-b ʡaj č’ik’alaw-la (this.here=similar N-fall.IPFV-PST-CVB COP-N perhaps Chikalaw-GEN) 'This happened to Chikalaw' • ʡaraʁa NP[ derʁ ] bikes[ d-ik-i-le ]... (then war NPL-fall.IPFV-PST-CVB) 'Then the war started...' • NP[ si-ja ] bikes[ b-ik-ib-a ] (what-INTRG HPL-fall.IPFV-PST-INTRG) 'What happened?' • taˤliħ bikes[ b-ik-ib ] S[ ur ħa-wr-uwe d-uʔ-ri ] (? N-fall.IPFV-PST ? NEG-rain-CVB NPL-be-NMLZ) 'It is good that it was not raining'

bues buhes S • kaʁar bues buhes arbikile uq’lahaleħedi ʡaˤrbaˤq’uwe • 'maybe the paper flew away through the window'

maybe S.
Language: darm • Structure: [bues buhes [S]] • LU: b-uh-es 'become'
Types: copulative | epistemic
Elements:
      cat="S" name="S" role="S"
Examples: usa-uwe le-w-le-l ar-b-u-aq-i-ra kaʁar bues_buhes[ b-u-es b-uh-es S[ ar-b-ik-i-le ] uq’laha-le-ħe-di ʡaˤr-b-aˤq’-uwe (M.sleep.PFV-CVB COP-M-CVB-EMPH away-N-be-CAUS-1/2 paper N-be-INF N-become.PFV-INF away-N-fall.OPFV-PST-CVB window-OBL-IN-TRANS PVB-HPL-go.PFV-CVB) 'I guess, while I was sleeping, the paper flew away through the window' • bues_buhes[ b-u-es b-uh-es S[ ʡaj ] ħaˁži ca ʁida ħul-be=ra zab-il ħed-il ʁiz-la (N-be-INF N-become.PFV-INF perhaps Hadzhi one few eye-PL blue-ATR blonde-ATR hair-GEN) 'Hadzhi was of blue eyes and blonde hair'

ca S1 cajli S2 • ca gaza baˁqile ħaˁbal bik'ul buile leb cajli gaza baˁqile šuwal bik'ul buile leb • 'By one hit he took out three, by another hit he took out five'

First S1, then S2.
Language: darm • Structure: [[ca S] [cajli S]] • LU: ca
Types: enumeration | numeral
Elements:
      cat="Num" name="ca"
      cat="S" name="S"
      aux="ca-ERG" cat="Num" name="cajli"
Examples: ca[ ca ] S[ gaza b-aˁq-i-le ħaˁb-al b-ik'-ul b-u-i-le le-b ] cajli[ ca.j-li ] S[ gaza ] b-aˁq-i-le šuw-al b-ik'-ul b-u-i-le le-b (one pick N-hit.PFV-AOR-CVB three-CARD N-come.IPFV-PTCP.IPFV N-be.PFV-AOR-CVB one.OBL-ERG pick N-hit.PFV-AOR-CVB five-CARD N-come.IPFV-PTCP.IPFV N-be.PFV-AOR-CVB) 'By one hit he took out three, by another hit he took out five'

ca-CASE ca-NOM • caliče ca qaˁs buk'uwe gʷa k'ʷan • 'They were shouting at each other'

A reciprocal construction.
Language: darm • Structure: • LU:
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Numeral" name="ca-CASE"
      cat="Numeral" name="ca-NOM"
Examples: ca-CASE[ ca.li-s ] ca-NOM[ ca ] χiral hub xunul le-b ʡaj pat'imat-wa=ra muħammad (one.OBL-DAT one loving family be-N perhaps Patimat-?-ADD Muhammad) 'Their family was an each other loving family' • ca-CASE[ ca.li-ču ] ca-NOM[ ca ] mešu-l b-u-ub-i (one-OBL-COMIT one alike-ATR HPL-be-AOR-ATR) 'They resembled each other' • ca-CASE[ ca.li-če ] ca-NOM[ ca ] qaˁs b-uk'-uwe gʷa k'ʷan (one.OBL-SUPER(LAT) one shout HPL-say.PFV-CVB see.IMP RPRT) '(They) were shouting at each other'

N baq'as • beʁ baq’as • '[They] had a wedding'

To do N.
Language: darm • Structure: [[N] baq'as] • LU: None
Types: light_verb | do
Elements:
      cat="N" name="N"
      cat="V" name="baq'as"
Examples: N_baq'as[ N[ beʁ ] baq'as[ b-aq’-ib ] (wedding N-do.PFV-PST) 'They had a wedding' • N_baq'as[ N[ pikri ] baq'as[ b-aq’-as ] (thought N-do.PFV-INF) 'To think' • N_baq'as[ N[ žawab ] baq'as[ ħa-b-aq’-ib ] (answer NEG-N-do.PFV-PST) '(he) didn't answer' • it ħažatχana N_baq'as[ N[ χal ] baq'as[ b-iq’-uwe ] biblijatika-le w-erχ-ur (that toilet seek N-do.IPFV-CVB library-ADVB M-set.off.PFV-AOR) 'He was looking for the toilet and entered a library'. • N_baq'as[ N[ t'ama ] baq'as[ baq'as ] (voice N-do-INF) 'To sound'

N m-N • šašlək-mašlək • 'barbeque and stuff'

N and some other things associated with N
Language: darm • Structure: [WX mX] (W: onset of the first syllable of the noun N, X: rest of the word) • LU:
Types: reduplication
Elements:
      cat="N" name="N"
Examples: N[ šašlək ] - ] N[ mašlək ] (barbeque-REDUP) 'barbeque and stuff'

N-AD S • rasujšub • 'at Rasul's house'

At N's house.
Language: darm • Structure: [N-AD [S]] • LU:
Types: location
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Place" role="Place"
Examples: nu Place[ rasu.j-šu-w le-w ] (I Rasul.OBL-AD-M(ESS) be-M) 'I am at Rasul's house'

N-GEN N [Relative] • abakarla pat'imat • 'Patimat, a sister/daughter of Abakar'

N2 is a relative of N1, usually an inferior.
Language: darm • Structure: [[N-GEN] N] • LU:
Types: kinship | genitive
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Inferior_Relative" role="Inferior_Relative"
      cat="NP-GEN" name="Superior_Relative" role="Superior_Relative"
ħaˤramir-t-i-la tuχum-la gʷa k'ʷan het Superior_Relative[ abubakar-la ] Inferior_Relative[ muħammad ] =ra iti.ja it ruzi Superior_Relative[ abubakar-la ] Inferior_Relative[ pat'imat ] =ra (Kharamir-PL-OBL-GEN clan-GEN see.IMP that Abubakar-GEN Muhammad=ADD that.GEN sister Abubakar-GEN Patimat=ADD) 'To the Kharamirt tukhum belong Abubakar's Muhammad and Abubakar's sister Patimat'

N-GEN χabar • ʡalila χabar • 'war-GEN story'

In this construction, the N-GEN is the Topic of the Story (χabar).
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP-GEN] χabar] • LU:
Types: genitive | nominal arguments
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Topic" role="Topic"
      cat="χabar" name="Story" role="Story"
Examples: dada.j-ni b-urh-ib nuša-ze Topic[ derʁ-la ] Story[ χabar ] (Grandfather-OBL-ERG N-tell.PFV-AOR we-INTER(LAT) war-GEN story) 'Our grandpa told us a story about war' • Topic[ zalmu-la ] Story[ χabar ] (Zalmu-GEN story) 'a story about Zalmu' • Topic[ beʁ-la ] Story[ χabar ] (wedding-GEN story) 'a story about a wedding' • ħuša-la adaj-la Topic[ ruzi-la ] Story[ χabar ] (you-GEN father-GEN sister-GEN story) 'a story about our father's sister' • di-la abaj-la Topic[ abaj-la ] Story[ χabar ] (you.OBL-GEN mother-GEN mother-GEN story) 'a story about your mother's mother'

N-INTER-EL VP • rasujzela mašina boˁroˁb • 'Rasul has broken the car unintentionally'

An Agent has done an Action involuntarily.
Language: darm • Structure: [[N-INTER-EL] [VP]] • LU:
Types: involuntary_action
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Agent[ rasu.j-ze-la ] Action[ mašina b-oˁr-oˁb ] (Rasul.OBL-INTER-EL car N-break.PFV-AOR) 'Rasul has broken the car unintentionally'

N-INTER-ESS NP buʔes • rasujzeb dila dis leb • 'Rasul has my knife'

1. Used in existential locative contexts correspondint to English 'there is/are' 2. Used to describe a posessive relationsip (locative possession).
Language: darm • Structure: [[N-INTER-ESS] [NP] [buʔes]] • LU: buʔes
Types: possession
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Possessor" role="Possessor"
      cat="NP" name="Possessee" role="Possesse"
      cat="COP" name="buʔes"
      cat="NP" name="Place" role="Place"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Possessor[ rasu.j-ze-b ] Possessee[ di-la dis ] buʔes[ le-b ] (Rasul.OBL-INTER-N(ESS) I.OBL-GEN knife be-N) 'Rasul has my knife' • Place[ k’ala-li-ze-b ] buʔes[ le-b-re ] Theme[ doˤħi ] (Kala-OBL-N(ESS) COP-HPL-PST snow) 'There was snow in Kala'

N-jalla aga VP • dursijalla aga ile bak’ib • '„Let the girl come in!“ he said'

To let N do the Action (VP).
Language: darm • Structure: [[N-jalla] aga [VP]] • LU: aga
Types: permissive
Elements:
      cat="N" name="N"
      cat="VP" name="aga"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: N[ dursi=jalla ] aga[ aga ] Action[ i-le b-ak’-ib ] (girl=EMPH give.me.PFV.IMP say.PFV.AOR-CVB N-come.PFV-PST) '„Let the girl come in!“ he said'

N-SUPER-EL S • saʡat ʡaˁħličela • 'from 8 o'clock'

The construction is used to denote a moment in time when something starts.
Language: darm • Structure: NP-SUPER-EL • LU:
Types: time_modifier
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Beginning_Time" role="Time"
Examples: rasul uz-uwe le-w saʡat Beginning_Time[ ʡaˁħ.li-če-la ] (Rasul (M)work.IPFV-CVB be-M hour eight.OBL-SUPER-EL) 'Rasul works from 8 o'clock' • Beginning_Time[ hel.li-če-la ] ibahad ildi-la ʡurmu ʡaχle ar-b-aqˁ-uˁn (that-OBL-SUPER-EL (N)ago that-PL-GEN life good-ADV AWAY-N-go.PFV-AOR) 'Since then, their life went good'.

N-SUPER-ESS N • barħičew barħi • 'day to day'

Describes the development of something in time (cf. Day to day)
Language: darm • Structure: N-SUPER-ESS N • LU:
Types: temporal
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-SUPER-ESS"
      cat="NP" name="NP-NOM"
Examples: Day_to_day[ NP-SUPER-ESS[ barħi-če-w ] NP-NOM[ barħi ] il pulan urh-uwe le-w k'ʷan (sun-SUPER-M(ESS) sun that thin (M)become.PFV-CVB be-N RPRT) 'Day to day he was losing weight'.

N.Loanword baq'as • zakaz baq'as • 'to order'

To do N, where N is a Loanword.
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] baq'as] • LU: baq'as
Types: light_verb | do | loanword
Elements:
      cat="N" name="Loanword" role="Loanword"
      cat="V" name="baq'as"
Examples: N(loanword)_baq'as[ Loanword[ zak’az ] baq'as[ b-aq’-ib -i ] it kʷahni aga (order N-do.PFV-PST-ATR that cradle give.me.PFV.IMP) 'Give me the pre-ordered cradle!' • N(loanword)_baq'as[ Loanword[ bismillah ] baq'as[ b-aq’-ib ] ukes (bismillah N-do.PFV-PST eat.IPFV-INF) 'After making a bismillah, we'll eat'

N1 N2-GEN bic'aqes • rasujni pušk'a šija bic'aqib • 'Rasul filles the barrel with water'

To fill a Container (N1) with Substance (N2-GEN).
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] [N2-GEN] bic'aqes] • LU: bic'aqes
Types: fill
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Container" role="Container"
      cat="N" name="Substance" role="Substance"
      cat="VP" name="bic'aqes"
Examples: rasu.j-ni Container[ pušk'a ] Substance[ ši.ja ] bic'aqes[ b-ic'-aq-ib ] (Rasul.OBL-ERG barrel water.GEN N-become.full-CAUS-AOR) 'Rasul filles the barrel with water' • Substance[ ši.ja ] bic'aqes[ b-ic’-es ] ʡaˤr-q’-oˤwe d-u-i-le leer iš q’ulla-le-ħe (water.GEN N-fill.PFV-INF PVB-go.IPFV-CVB NPL-be-PST-CVB ? that fountain-CVB-IN(LAT)) 'She went to the draw-well to get some water'. • Container[ ca kanister ] il-i-ni nu usa-uwe-l bic'aqes[ b-ic’-i-le ] le-b-re (one jarrycan this-OBL-ERG I(NOM) M.sleep.PFV-CVB-EMPH N-fill.PFV-PST-CVB COP-HPL-PST) 'He filled one jerrycan while I was asleep'

N1 N2-INTER-EL-EMPH • q'uq'ubizelal • 'up to the knees'

N1 is up to N2 in a substance.
Language: darm • Structure: [N N-INTER-EL-EMPH] • LU:
Types: location
Elements:
Examples: Up_to[ q'uq'u-bi-ze-la-l ] paˁp.i-ze gʷeruh-ub (knee-PL-INTER-EL-EMPH dirt-INTER(LAT) get.into.PFV-AOR) 'He fell into mud up to his knees' • Up_to[ baq.i-ze-la-l ] gʷeruh-ub ši.j-ze (waist.OBL-INTER-EL-EMPH fall.PFV-AOR water.OBL-INTER(LAT)) 'He fell into water up to his waist'

N1-INTER-LAT|COMIT huneče bikes N2 • iter itize huneče dikib šaharličeri dursi • 'There he met a girl from a city'

N1 meets or finds N2 (lit. N2 falls on N1's way)
Language: darm • Structure: [[[N-INTER-LAT][huneče][bikes]][NP]] • LU: huni
Types: light_verb | fall
Elements:
      cat="N" name="N1"
      cat="VP" name="bikes"
      cat="NP" name="huni"
      cat="NP" name="N2"
Examples: iter N1[ it.i-ze ] huni[ hune-če ] bikes[ d-ik-ib ] N2[ šahar-li-če-r-i ] dursi (there that.OBL-INTER(LAT) road-SUP F2-fall.PFV-AOR city-OBL-SUPER-F(ESS)-ADJ girl) 'There he met a girl from a city' • čab b-urс-aq-ib N1[ gaičnik-une-ču ] huni[ hune-če ] bikes[ ħa-jk-allis ] (HPL-fly.IPFV-CAUS-PST road.policeman-PL-COMIT road-SUP(LAT) NEG-M.fall.IPFV-?) 'He makes him go out in order not to meet the road police officers'

N1-SUPER-EL bikes N2 • urč’ebličela urežal bikib • 'a six became a nine'

N1 becomes N2
Language: darm • Structure: [N1-SUPER-EL N2 bikes] • LU: bikes
Types: light_verb | fall | change_of_state
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="N1"
      cat="NP" name="N2"
      cat="V" name="bikes"
Examples: beč’ ketaje N1-SUPER-EL_bikes_N2[ N1[ urč’eb-li-če-la ] N2[ urež-al ] bikes[ b-ik-ib ] (head upside.down nine-OBL-SUP-EL six-CARD N-fall.IPFV-PST) 'Upside down a six became a nine'

NP N-SUPER-ESS-CVB bahes • rasujze muħammad t'amaličewle wahur • 'Rasul recognized Muhammad because of his voice'

To recognize a Patient by a charachteristic feature (Specification) designated by a converb
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] [VP] [bahes]] • LU: bahes
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
      cat="VP" name="Specification" role="Specification"
      cat="VP" name="bahes"
Examples: rasu.j-ze Patient[ muħammad ] Specification[ t'ama.li-če-w-le ] bahes[ w-ah-ur ] (Rasul.OBL-INTER(LAT) Muhammad voice.OBL-SUPER-M(ESS)-CVB M-know.PRF-AOR) 'Rasul recognized Muhammad because of his voice'

NP V-COND V-AOR • derʔk’a derʔub amma deħ kalʔun • '[The money] became dry, but the smell remained'

An Agent has done an Action, but... or an Experiencer has experienced an Action, but...
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] [[VP] VP]] • LU:
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="V" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="V" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Action[ d-erʔ-k’a ] Action[ d-erʔ-ub ] amma deħ kalʔ-un (NPL-become.dry.PFV-COND NPL-become.dry.PFV-AOR but smell remain.PFV-AOR) '(The money) became dry, but the smell remained'

NP VP bikes • ħaˤjʔnal arc ges bikib • 'I had to pay three times'

It happened so that an Agent has to perform an Action
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] [[VP] bikes]] • LU: bikes
Types: fall | light_verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="V" name="bikes"
Examples: Action[ ħaˤjʔn-al arc g-es ] bikes[ b-ik-ib ] (three-CARD money give.PFV-INF N-fall.IPFV-PST) 'And I had to pay three times'. • Action[ ħaˤb-al bagažnik-e w-at-es ] bikes[ b-ik-ib ] dus-be-s merʔ b-u-allis (three-CARD trunk-In(LAT) M-?-INF N-fall.IPFV-PST girl-PL-DAT place N-be-?) 'We had to put three people into the trunk so that there was some space for the girls'

NP-ABS AdjP COP NP-SUPER-ESS • rasul derqʷil lew muħammadičew • 'Rasul is stronger than Muhammad'

A comparative construction where a Comparee is what is being compared and a Standard is what a Comparee is compared with, a Specification denotes a property exhibited more by a Comparee than by a Standard.
Language: darm • Structure: [NP-ABS AdjP COP NP-SUPER-ESS] • LU:
Types: comparative | adjective
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Comparee" role="Comparee"
      cat="NP" name="Standard" role="Standard"
      cat="AdjP" name="Specification" role="Specification"
      cat="VP" name="COP"
Examples: Comparee[ rasul ] Specification[ derqʷil ] COP[ le-w ] Standard[ muħammad.i-če-w ] (Rasul strong be-M Muhammad.OBL-SUPER-M(ESS)) 'Rasul is stronger than Muhammad' • ʜanči.li-s-ra Comparee[ il gamʔa ] Specification[ ʡaχːl r-uʔ-i-le ] COP[ le-r ] Base[ ibaʜaˁd.i-če-r ] (work.OBL-DAT=AND this widow good F-be.PFV-AOR-CVB be-F other.OBL-SUPER-F(ESS)) 'This widow turned out to be better at work than the others'

Num-CARD Num-CARD • k'ʷijal ħaˁbal barħi • 'for two or three days'

A rough estimation of quantity, when the actual number of N's is between Num1 and Num2.
Language: darm • Structure: [[NP] [Num1-CARD] [Num2-CARD]] • LU:
Types: quantification | numeral | approximal_quantity
Elements:
      cat="Numeral" name="Num1" role="Number"
      cat="Numeral" name="Num2" role="Number"
      cat="NP" name="Noun" role="Noun"
Examples: Noun[ marʔul ] b-uʔu-b-i ʡaj Num1[ ʁa-l ] Num2[ ħaˁbc'ali-jal ] (men HPL-be-AOR-ADJ perhaps twenty-CARD thirty-CARD) 'There were from twenty to thirty men' • hete ħule d-iz-ur-i-jaʁle k'ʷan Num1[ k'ʷi-jal ] Num2[ ħaˁb-al ] Noun[ šala ] le-b k'ʷan ite-b (there look F-stand.up.PFV-AOR-ATR-CVB.ANT RPRT two-CARD three-CARD light be-N RPRT there-N(ESS) 'There I saw a couple of lights, flickering there' • nuša-la b-iq'-an ʡaj dus b-a-i-le Num1[ k'ʷi-jal ] Noun[ dus ] b-a-i-le Num2[ ħaˁb-al ] Noun[ dus ] b-a-i-le b-iq'-an ʡaj (we-GEN HPL-do.IPFV-INF perhaps year HPL-arrive.PFV-PST-CVB two-CARD year HPL-arrive.PFV-PST-CVB three-CARD year HPL-arrive.PFV-PST-CVB HPL-do.IPFV-INF perhaps) 'We do it (circumcision) two or three years after birth' • Num1[ k'ʷi-jal ] Num1[ ħaˁb-al ] Noun[ barħi ] pat'imat nuša-šu-r d-u-b-i (two-CARD three-CARD day Patimat we-AD-F(ESS) F-be.PFV-AOR-ATR) 'For two or three days Patimat lived with us'

Num1 N-INTER-EL Num2 N • šuwal uzilizela k'ʷijal uzi • 'Out of five brothers, two stayed in the village'

The construction is used to express a situation when a subset of Num1 elements is chosen from a set of the Num2 size.
Language: darm • Structure: [Num1-CARD N-INTER-EL Num2-CARD N] • LU:
Types: selective | numeral
Elements:
      cat="NumP" name="Num1" role="Whole_Quantity"
      cat="NumP" name="Num2" role="Part_Quantity"
      cat="N" name="N" role="N"
      cat="N" name="N-INTER-EL" role="N"
Examples: Two_out_of_five[ Num1[ šuw-al ] N-INTER-EL[ uzi-li-ze-la ] Num2[ k'ʷi-jal ] N[ uzi ] ša.b kalʔ-un (five-CARD brother-OBL-INTER-EL two-CARD brother village.HPL(ESS) remain.PFV-AOR) 'Out of five brothers, two stayed in the village'

Onomatopoeia buk'es • ʡuraʁa ca weʡ uk’es • 'Then one started to vomit'

To make a sound denoted by an Onomatopoeia (e.g. to moo) or to perform an action associated with this sound (e.g. to vomit).
Language: darm • Structure: [NP-Nom [Sound buk'es]] • LU: buk'es 'say'
Types: speech_production | light_verb
Elements:
      cat="Onomatopoeia" name="Sound" role="Sound"
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="buk'es"
Examples: ʡuraʁa Agent[ ca ] Sound[ weʡ ] buk'es[ uk’-es ] (then one VOMIT.SOUND 1.say.IPFV-INF) 'Then one started to vomit' • Sound[ umma ] buk'es[ b-uk’-u-we ] (SOUND HPL-say.IPFV-PTCP-CVB) '(they) shout) • Agent[ il ] Sound[ laˤχu ] buk'es[ uk’-es ] w-a-ib (this YELL 1.say.IPFV-INF M-begin.PFV-PST) 'And then he has started shouting' • tir=ra w-iz-ul-le nuʁe-ču Sound[ xʷaʡ ] buk'es[ uk'-es ] w-a-ib (?-AND M-stand.up.IPFV-PTCP.IPFV-CVB) hand-COMIT SOUND (M)say.IPFV-INF M-arrive.PFV-PST) '(he) turned around and started waving his hands' • Sound[ t’aˤħ ] buk'es[ uk'-uwe ] (SOUND (M)say.IPFV-CVB) '(he) was jumping'

S gʷa • hanna ħawaħažijaj gʷa ʡaj birgadir • 'Now Hawakhazhiyay has become a chief, see?'

gʷa is an discourse focus marker.
Language: darm • Structure: [S [gʷa]] • LU: gʷa 'see.IMP'
Types: Focus | Discource_particle
Elements:
      cat="S" name="S" role="S"
      cat="Particle" name="gʷa"
Examples: S[ ħad hete ħunt’-al qulle-šu uˤq’-es ] gʷa[ gʷa ] i-le nuʁe-jni gʷaχ-aq’-ir (you.SG.DAT there red-CARD house.PL-AD(LAT) M.go-INF PTCL say.PFV.AOR-CVB ?-ERG show-do.PFV-?) 'You should go to those red houses, you see?' • S[ hanna ħawaħažijaj ] gʷa[ gʷa ] ʡaj birgadir (now Hawahazhijaj PTCL perhaps master) 'Now Hawakhazhiyay has become a chief, see?)' • S[ uc-i-le ] gʷa[ gʷa nu taksi ħisab-le anži.li-w ], ca-beħ ʡuluqan urš-be le-b-re (catch.PFV-AOR-CVB see.IMP I taxi count-ADV Makhachkala.OBL-M(ESS), one-? youth boy-PL be-N-PST) 'So (they) caught me as a taxi in Makhachkala, see, a couple of young boys'. • S[ ca-deħ ʡogg-il deħ ] gʷa[ gʷa ] k'ʷan sune-s har-har (one-? unpleasant-ATR smell see.IMP RPRT self.OBL-DAT every-every) 'Afterwards, she felt an unpleasant smell right in front of her, you see' • S[ ʡaraʁ-al zamana ] S[ gʷa ] k'ʷan hanna il-di (midnight-CARD time see.IMP RPRT now this-PL) 'The time was almost midnight, see'.

S ile • mizanatwara nu baˤq’unna hel merʔ buces ile • 'So, Mizanat and I went to reserve the seat'

Discourse marker used to introduce information or thought. Usually conveys reportative meaning, i.e. when a speaker retells the information that s/he got from another person or cites the speech of that person.
Language: darm • Structure: [[S] ile] • LU: es 'say'
Types: speech_production | discource_particle
Elements:
      cat="S" name="S"
      cat="VP" name="ile"
Examples: S[ nu w-ebk’-i-le w-arg-ab k’ʷan ] ile[ i-le ] (I(NOM) M-die.PFV-PST-CVB M-find.PFV-OPT RPRT say.PFV.AOR-CVB) 'A murrain on me and stuff' (lit. He said he wished that I was found dead) • S[ het šahumilaw-la muħmma ] ile[ i-le ] ʡarʁa ʡabdukarim ile[ i-le ] carara b-u-ub-i ʡabdula-la muħammad ile[ i-le ] b-u-ub-i hanna qʷaˤdur-e-la šuw-al urši (that.far.away Shahumiv-GEN Muhammad say.PFV.AOR-CVB long Abdukarim say.PFV.AOR-CVB HPL-be-AOR-ATR Abdula-GEN Muhammad say.PFV.AOR-CVB HPL-be-AOR-ATR npw Obokh-?-GEN five-CARD boy) 'Shahumilav Muhamma was there and Abdulkarim and others and Abdula Muhammad was there too, well, five Obokh boys' • S[ mizanat=wara nu b-aˤq’-un-na hel merʔ b-uc-es ] ile[ i-le ] (Mizanat=whether I(NOM) HPL-go.PFV-AOR-1/2 thus.here place N-catch.PFV-INF say.PFV.AOR-CVB) 'So, Mizanat and I went to reserve the seat' • S[ haj abdal nu ] ile[ il-e ] le-b S[ seli-s-a waraw ni-ni iš-di dur-aq’-u-ra ] ile[ i-le ] le-b (oh fool ? say.PFV.AOR-CVB COP-N what.OBL-DAT-INTRG whether I-ERG that-PL outside-pour.PFV-AOR-1/2 say.PFV.AOR-CVB COP-N) '„What a fool I am!“ - he thought - 'what for have I done this?' - he thought'

S N-čible • seličible ħu tusnaq' waq'ibi • 'Why have you been arrested?'

To designate the cause of an event S a suffix -čible is added to a noun N.
Language: darm • Structure: [S [N-čible]] • LU:
Types: causal
Elements:
      cat="N" name="Cause" role="Cause"
      cat="S" name="S"
Examples: S N-čible[ Cause[ se.li-čible ] ħu tusnaq' w-aq'-ib-i ]? (Q-OBL-CAUSAL you prisoner M-do.PFV-AOR-ATTR) 'Why have you been arrested?'

uile lew ħawʔile lew • uile lew ħawʔile lew ħawʔile lew uile lew • 'once upon a time; lit. was-wasn't-wasn't-was'

A fairytale entry similar to "Once upon a time..."
Language: darm • Structure: [COP-PST-CVB COP:NEG-PST-CVB COP:NEG-PST-CVB COP-PST-CVB NP] • LU:
Types: copulative
Elements:
      cat="Fairytale intro" name="Once_upon_a_time" role="Fairytale intro"
      cat="NP" name="NP" role="NP"
Examples: Once_upon_a_time[ u-i-le le-w ħa-wʔ-i-le le-w ħa-wʔ-i-le le-w u-i-le le-w ] NP[ ca adami čikalaw i-le ] ((M)be.PFV-AOR-CVB be-M NEG-(M)be.PFV-AOR-CVB be-M NEG-(M)be.PFV-AOR-CVB be-M (M)be.PFV-AOR-CVB be-M one man Chikalaw say.PFV.AOR-CVB) 'Once upon a time, lived a man called Chikalav (lit. Was-wasn't-wasn't-was a man called Chikalav)'.

určeb bues NP • určeb lebre qʷada • 'I only remember the street'

To remember the Stimulus (NP).
Language: darm • Structure: [[[určeb] COP] NP] • LU: bues
Types: heart
Elements:
      cat="LOC" name="určeb" role="Place"
      cat="COP" name="bues"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
Examples: určeb_COP_NP[ určeb[ urče-b ] bues[ le-b-re ] Stimulus[ qʷada ] ] qali qumart-ur (heart.LOC-N(ESS) COP-HPL-PST ? house forget.PFV-AOR) 'I only remember the street, but I forgot the house' • kuda-di di-ze určeb_COP_NP[ určeb[ urče-b ] bues[ b-u-es-i ] Stimulus[ račel ] (where-TRANS I.OBL-INTER(LAT) heart.LOC-N(ESS) N-be-INF-ATR ?) 'Where from should I remembed the floor?!'

V-CVB V-CVB • buzuwe buzuwe • 'they were working'

A durative construction, conveing the meaning of Action being in progress.
Language: darm • Structure: [CVB CVB] • LU:
Types: durative | converb
Elements:
      cat="CVB" name="CVB" role="CVB"
Examples: CVB[ b-uz-uwe ] CVB[ b-uz-uwe ] ʡaj ʡaˤr-q’-uwe uʔ-i-le le-w ʡaj qʷaˤdur-an (HPL-become.dry.PFV-COND HPL-become.dry.PFV-AOR but smell remain.PFV-AOR) 'They were working when an Obokh man passed by'

V.Loanword baq'as • ašrapuwat waq'ib • 'He was fined'

To perform an action denoted by a Loanword (V in infinitive form).
Language: darm • Structure: [[VP] baq'as] • LU: baq'as
Types: light_verb | do | loanword
Elements:
      aux="Infinitive" cat="V" name="Loanword"
      cat="VP" name="baq'as"
Examples: Loanword[ ašrapuwat ] baq'as[ w-aq'-ib ] (fine M-do.PFV-PST) 'He was fined'

wallah S • wallah nušajni baq'ile ʡaˁχ urcuwa ʡarada • 'Let's make a good wooden cannon!'

In this construction, the word wallah 'Allah' conveys a hortative meaning similar to 'let's' in English.
Language: darm • Structure: [wallah [S]] • LU: wallah
Types: hortative
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="wallah"
      cat="S" name="S"
Examples: wallah[ wallah ] S[ nuša.j-ni b-aq'-i-le ʡaˁχ urcu-wa ʡarada ] (Allah we.OBL-ERG N-do.PFV-PST-CVB good wood-GEN cannon) 'Let's make a good wooden cannon!' • wallah[ wallah ] S[ nu-ni heš ʔʷan b-aq’-i-ln ʡaˤχ i-le ] (by.god I-ERG this similar HPL-do.PFV-PST-? good say.PFV.AOR-CVB) '„Well, let's do the same“ - he said'.

X bizes • ħule bizes • 'to look at something'

The meaning of the construction crucially depends on the X element. The X elements and the verb bizes are never used outside this construction and do not have POS properties. ħule bizes — to watch. himi abizes — to become angry.
Language: darm • Structure: [[X] bizes] • LU: abizes
Types: light_verb
Elements:
      cat="X" name="X" role="X"
      cat="V" name="bizes"
Examples: il X_bizes[ X[ ħule ] bizes[ w-iz-ur ] (that EYE M-izes.PFV-AOR) 'he looked (at something)' • X_bizes[ X[ himi ] bizes[ abizes ] 'become angry'

German Constructicon

Team: Ekaterina Gridneva, Vasilisa Zhigulskaya, Darya Lapenkova, Alexey Shelepov

NP-Nom Gesicht-Acc aufsetzen • Du musst ein fröhliches Gesicht aufsetzen. • 'You must have a cheerful face.'

A verbal phrase which means that NP_Nom[ smb ] aufsetzen[ pretend or put ] on Gesicht-Acc[ face ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM] [Gesicht-ACC] aufsetzen] • LU: None
Types: Subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Viel wichtiger ist, daß Sie beim Tanken aussteigen und ein kritisches Gesicht aufsetzen. (Much more important is that you get off your gasoline and have a critical face.) • Schon ist das das Zeichen für mich, ein gelangweiltes Gesicht aufzusetzen und die Hände lässig in die Tasche zu stecken. (This is the sign for me already to put on a bored face and put the hands casually in the pocket.) • Vielleicht war es wirkliche Freundschaft, die ihn jetzt veranlaßte, sein freundlichstes Gesicht aufzusetzen. (Perhaps it was real friendship, which now prompted him to put on his friendly face.) • Sie hatte ein ernstes Gesicht aufgesetzt. (She had put on a straight face.)

DiscourseUnit - Spitze! • - Mein Mann hat mir die Sack von Channel geschenkt. // -Spitze! • '- My husband gave me the purse from Channel as a gift. - Super!'

Adverbial expression which mean spitze[ a strong positive reaction ]
Language: deu • Structure: [spesific context [spitze] reaction] • LU: spitze
Types:
Elements:
      cat="adv" name="spitze"
      
Examples: – context[ Ich laufe jeden Morgen in den Park ]. - Das ist spitze[ spitze ]!(- I am jogging every morning in the park. - It’s cool!) • - Ich habe die Prüfung mit der Note 1.0 bestanden. -Ich finde das spitze[ spitze ]! (- Yesterday I passed the exam with an A. - I think it’s superb!) • Candy Crush ist ein spitze[ spitze ] Spiel! (Candy Crush is a superb game!) • Sie hat es wieder mal spitze[ spitze ] gemacht. (She's done it perfectly again!)

[für NP-Acc] schwarz sehen • Sie sieht immer für ihr Leben schwarz. • 'She is always pessimistic about her life.'

This phrase means schwarz_sehen[ to be pessimistic ] NP-Acc[ (about smth) ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[(für NP-ACC)] schwarz sehen] • LU: schwarz
Types: Indirect Object-variable
Elements:
Examples: Er sieht schwarz fur die Zukunft. (He is pessemistic about the future.) • Sie sahen schwarz fur ihre Beziehungen. (They looked pessemistic about their relationships.) • Im vergangenen Jahr sah er immer schwarz fur seine Ziele. (Last year he was pessemistic about his aims.

bald X1 bald X2 • Bald regnet es, bald scheint die Sonne. • 'Sometimes it rains, sometimes the sun shines.'

Conjunction construction which cooordinates two equally important clauses and means: bald[ sometimes ] X1[ X1 ] is true, bald[ sometimes ] X2[ X2 ] is true.
Language: deu • Structure: [bald [X1] bald [X2]] • LU: bald
Types:
Elements:
      cat="conj" name="bald"
      cat="XP" name="X1"
      cat="conj" name="bald"
      cat="XP" name="X2"
Examples: conj[ Bald ist ] X1[ der Pandabär aggressiv ] conj[ bald ist ] X2[ er unglaublich süß ]. (Sometimes the panda bear is aggressive, sometimes it's unbelievably sweet) • Ich hörte in dem Rauschen des Waldes conj[ bald ] X1[ tröstende ] conj[ bald ] X2[ warnende Stimmen ]. (I heard voices in the rustling of the trees, sometimes of warning, sometimes of consolation.) • conj[ Bald ] ist sie X1[ hellblond ], conj[ bald ] X2[ rothaarig ] (Sometimes she is light-blond, sometimes she is red-haired) • conj[ Bald ] X1[ weinte ] das Baby, conj[ bald ] X2[ lachte ] es.(Sometimes the baby cried, sometimes the baby laughed.)

bei weitem nicht AdjP-NP • Die Kunden sind bei weitem nicht zufrieden. • 'The customers are far from being satisfied.'

An adverbial expression which means that something bei_weitem_nicht[ is far from ] XP[ having certain characteristic ].
Language: deu • Structure: [bei weitem nicht [AdjP|NP]] • LU: weit
Types: XP-variable
Elements:
      cat="XP" name="XP"
      cat="AdvP" name="bei_weitem_nicht"
Examples: bei_weitem_nicht_AdjP-NP[ Deswegen ist er auch der Abgott der Jugend, bei_weitem_nicht[ bei weitem nicht ] XP[ ihre glücklichste Wahl ]. • bei_weitem_nicht_AdjP-NP[ Die Bedingungen seines Praktikums seien bei_weitem_nicht[ bei weitem nicht ] XP[ so gut gewesen ], wie in der Annonce beschrieben. • bei_weitem_nicht_AdjP-NP[ Und bei_weitem_nicht[ bei weitem nicht ] XP[ alle Umweltkonflikte ] können harmonisch aufgelöst werden. • bei_weitem_nicht_AdjP-NP[ Die angekündigten 100 Millionen Euro seien dabei bei_weitem_nicht[ bei weitem nicht ] XP[ genug ]. • Obgleich die Summe der Hilfen seit Jahren steigt, bei_weitem_nicht_AdjP-NP[ XP[ entsprechen ] die Spenden bei_weitem_nicht[ bei weitem nicht dem Bedarf ].

dann und wann VP • Das war ihm auch dann und wann gelungen. • 'He succeeded it time by time.'

VP[ To do smth ] dann_und_wann[ time by time ].
Language: deu • Structure: [dann und wann [VP]] • LU: wann
Types: Adverbial
Elements:
      cat="Pron" name="dann"
      cat="Conj" name="und"
      cat="Pron" name="wann"
      cat="VP" name="Event" role="Event"
Examples: Genau genommen war es Johann am liebsten, wenn Adolf glaubte, er, Adolf, sei Johann in gar allem überlegen und Johann dann_und_wann_VP[ Event[ könne ] nur dann_und_wann[ dann und wann ] VP[ auch einmal siegen ] ], sozusagen per Zufall. (Actually Johan was the best, so, Adolf believed that he, Adolf, always surpassed him, and Johan could win only time by time.) • Das war dann_und_wann_VP[ Event[ ihm auch ] dann_und_wann[ dann und wann ] Event[ gelungen ] ]. (He succeeded it time by time) • Rückblickend weiß ich eigentlich nicht, was ich während des Dreivierteljahrs gemacht habe, außer daß ich einen neuen Staubsauger kaufte und mich dann_und_wann_VP[ dann_und_wann[ dann und wann ] Event[ mit Utchen traf ] ]. (Actually, I can't remind what I was doing last nine months, besides the fact that I bought a new cleaner and was going out with Utchen time by time • Über der Zigarre, man spürt es, dann_und_wann_VP[ Event[ zuckt ] dann_und_wann[ dann und wann ] Event[ zufrieden der kleine dunkle Schnäuzer ] ]. (Time by time the little dark schnauzer shuderred of cigare) • Das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz, mit dessen Vertreter ich engen Kontakt hielt, konnte auch nicht mehr erreichen, als dann_und_wann_VP[ dann_und_wann[ dann und wann ] Event[ einige Kranke und Alte herauszubringen ] ]. (The international Red Cross commetee, with which it have recently contacted, couldn't reach any agreement, the olds and ills time by time were carried away.)

Eine Weile+VP • Er arbeitet am Projekt eine Weile • 'He worked on the project for a while'

This construction means that VP[ some action ] eine_weile[ is happening for some time ].
Language: deu • Structure: [Eine Weile [VP]] • LU: Weile
Types: Adverbial
Elements:
      cat="article" name="eine"
      cat="noun" name="Weile"
      cat="verb phrase" name="VP"
Examples: Sie eine_Weile+VP[ VP[ starrten mich ] eine_Weile[ eine Weile ] ] schweigend, fast ergriffen an. • eine_Weile+VP[ VP[ Gewöhnlich saß ] SUBJECT[ ich ] VP[ anschließend ] eine_Weile[ eine Weile ] VP[ kauend ] ] auf einer Lichtung und sah den Kolibris zu, wie sie gewagte Loopings für mich drehten. • Nachtigaller tauchte unter den Pulten ab und eine_Weile+VP[ VP[ war ] eine_Weile[ eine Weile ] VP[ tatsächlich verschwunden ] ], bevor er plötzlich wieder auftauchte und wild mit den Augen rollte, was Qwert beinahe zu Tode erschreckte. • Es eine_Weile+VP[ VP[ dauerte ] eine_Weile[ eine Weile ] ], bis ich mich wieder halbwegs aufrichten konnte, und tatsächlich war ich erstaunt darüber, daß ich dabei nicht zerkrümelte wie ein morscher Keks. • eine_Weile+VP[ eine_Weile[ Eine Weile ] VP[ ärgerte ] ich mich über meine Verschlafenheit, dann beschloß ich in meiner grenzenlosen Niedertracht, daß dies eine vortreffliche Gelegenheit war, in den Privatbereich des Mädchens einzudringen

es bleibt NP-Dat nur noch zu VP-Inf • Es bleibt mir nur noch Sie zu bedanken. • 'It remains for me to thank you.'

Verbal expression which means that es_bleibt[ it remains ] NP-Dat[ for someone ] VP-Inf[ to do something ].
Language: deu • Structure: [es bleibt [NP-Dat] nur noch zu [VP-Inf]] • LU: bleiben
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP-Inf"
      cat="NP (Agent)" name="NP-Dat"
      cat="Particle" name="nur_noch"
      cat="VP-finite" name="es_bleibt"
Examples: es_bleibt_NP-Dat_nur_noch_zu_VP-Inf[ es_bleibt[ Es bleibt ] nur_noch[ nur noch ] VP-Inf[ zu klären ] ], welcher Zucker primär bei der alkalischen Oxydation des Glyzerins entstanden war. • es_bleibt_NP-Dat_nur_noch_zu_VP-Inf[ es_bleibt[ Es bleibt ] NP-Dat[ uns ] nur_noch[ nur noch ] VP-Inf[ zu sagen übrig ], daß sich der Fetischismus auf die merkwürdigsten, absurdesten, ja sogar widerlichsten Dinge erstrecken kann. • es_bleibt_NP-Dat_nur_noch_zu_VP-Inf[ es_bleibt[ Es bliebe ] gegenüber früheren Vortragsabenden nur_noch[ nur noch ] VP-Inf[ zu sagen ] ], daß Frau Triesch in der Rezitation der Psalmen eine künstlerische Höhe erreicht hat, die sie selbst nicht mehr überflügeln kann. • es_bleibt_NP-Dat_nur_noch_zu_VP-Inf[ es_bleibt[ Es bleibt ] also nur_noch[ nur noch ] VP-Inf[ zu hoffen ] ], dass die Adressaten die Botschaften auch finden und entziffern, und dass sie schlauer sind als Menschen. • es_bleibt_NP-Dat_nur_noch_zu_VP-Inf[ es_bleibt[ Es blieb ] NP-Dat[ ihm ] nur_noch[ nur noch ] VP-Inf[ zu erklären ], dass er gelogen hatte.

Es geht in NP-DAT um NP-ACC • Es geht in diesem Buch um die Menschen • 'This book is about people)'

Construction which means that es_geht[ there are some information ] um_NP-ACC[ about something ] in_NP-DAT[ in a certain source ].
Language: deu • Structure: [Es_geht_in [NP-DAT] um [NP-ACC]] • LU: gehen
Types:
Elements:
      cat="pronoun" name="es"
      cat="verb" name="gehen"
      cat="preposition" name="in"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-DAT" role="Source"
      cat="preposition" name="um"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-ACC" role="Thema"
Examples: Es_geht_in_NP-DAT_um_NP-ACC[ Es geht in source[ der Theologie ] um thema[ die Predigt ] ] (Theology is about preaching.) • Es_geht_in_NP-DAT_um_NP-ACC[ Es ging in source[ diesen Tagen ] um thema[ Krieg und Frieden ], aber wir wußten es nicht (These days were about war and peace, but we did not know it) • Es_geht_in_NP-DAT_um_NP-ACC[ Es geht in sourse[ diesem Krieg ] um thema[ höhere Ideale ] ] (This war is about higher ideals) • Es geht in Es_geht_in_NP-DAT_um_NP-ACC[ sourse[ diesem Buch ] um thema[ die Politik ].

es geht um NP-ACC • Es geht um die Menschen • 'It is about people'

Constraction which means that es[ there is an information ] geht_um[ is about ] NP-ACC[ smth ].
Language: deu • Structure: [es_geht_um [NP-Acc]] • LU: None
Types:
Elements:
      cat="pronoun" name="es"
      cat="verb" name="gehen"
      cat="preposition" name="um"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-ACC" role="Theme"
Examples: Es ist besser, die Mutter ist nicht zugegen, sie fürchtet sich meinethalb, die treue Mutter, und nicht ganz grundlos, aber hier gilt es, keine Furcht zu haben, denn es_geht_um_NP-ACC[ es geht um NP-ACC[ zwei Menschenleben ] ]. (It is better that the mother isn't here, she's afraid of me, my faithful mother, but here we have have no fear, because it's about two human lives) • es_geht_um_NP-ACC[ „Es geht um NP-ACC[ alles ] “, fuhr Caspar fort. ("It's about everything, Caspar said.) • Die Kämpfer kommen aus meinem eigenen Ich, und wer auch siegt, es_geht_um_NP-ACC[ es geht um NP-ACC[ mich ] ] - ich bin verloren! (The fighters come from my own ego, and whoever also wins, it is about me - I am lost!) • "Jetzt aber, mein Herr, muß ich ernst und scharf mit Ihnen reden; denn [es geht um [die Ehre einer unbescholtenen Frau]NP-ACC] ]es_geht_um_NP-ACC. ("But now, sir, I have to talk with you seriously and strong, because it's about the honor of a respectable woman.) • 'Ich bin stark, es_geht_um_NP-ACC[ es geht um NP-NOM[ sein Leben ] ]', sagte sie. ("I'm strong, it's about his life, she said)

Es NP-Dat sein • Es war ihr als hörte sie etwas • 'It seemed to her that she heard something'

es_sein[ Something is seemed to be ] to Cognizer[ smb ]
Language: deu • Structure: [Es [NP-Dat] sein] • LU: sein
Types: IO-variable | Dative | impersonal | predicative copula
Elements:
      cat="Pron" name="Es"
      cat="NP" name="Cognizer" role="Cognizer"
      cat="Verb" name="sein"       cat="CLAUSE/AdjP" name="Content" role="Content"

Examples: Es_NP-Dat_sein[ es_sein[ Es ist ] Cognizer[ Ihnen ] Content[ offensichtlich nicht ganz klar gewesen ] ], daß wir nicht in einem Land leben, das groß ist, das ein Land ist, sondern wir leben in einem geteilten Land in der Mitte Europas, und daß Biermann nicht ausgebürgert wurde aus Deutschland, sondern von Deutschland nach Deutschland • Ich bin sicher, Es+NP-Dat+sein[ es_sein[ es ist ] Cognizer[ ihnen ] Content[ nicht leichtgefallen ] ]. (I'm sure, it won't be easy) • Es+NP-Dat+sein[ es_sein[ Es ist ] Cognizer[ ihnen ] Content[ völlig eingängig ] ], daß ein Unternehmen, das totale Verfügbarkeit erwartet, auch das Recht auf totale Information hat. (It seems to be completely available to them, the company has the total access to all the information) • Es+NP-Dat+sein[ es_sein[ Es war ] Cognizer[ ihr ] Content[ so herausgerutscht ]. (It seemed to them inevitable.) • Es+NP-Dat+sein[ es_sein[ Es war ] Cognizer[ ihr ] Content[ vielleicht peinlich ], daß ich mitgekriegt hatte, daß sie scharf auf die Antwort ist. (She seemed to be uncomfortable, so I've got a very rude answer from her.)

fixe Idee von NP-DAT • Das ist so eine fixe Idee von ihnen. • 'They are so obsessed.'

A noun phrase which means Fixe_Idee[ to be obsessed about ] NP-DA[ smth ].
Language: deu • Structure: [fixe Idee von [NP-DA]] • LU: von
Types: Indirect Object-variable
Elements:
Examples: Erst seit Rosnovski zehn Prozent der Interstate Airways kaufte, weiß ich, daß es eine fixe Idee von ihm ist. I was only finally convinced of his obsession when Rosnovski purchased ten per cent of Interstate Airways! • Ich hatte nichts Geringeres im Sinn, als Serapions fixe Idee an der Wurzel anzugreifen! (I had no less an undertaking in my mind than that of attacking Serapion's obsession at its very roots.) • Ich kam darauf, daß die Vertauschung des eignen Ichs mit irgendeiner geschichtlichen Person gar häufig als fixe Idee sich im Innern gestalte. (I came to the fact that to confound oneself with some historical character was a frequent form of obsession.)

ganz und gar VP/AdjP/AdvP • Er ist ganz und gar unschuldig. • 'He is completely innocent.'

An adverbial phrase with the meaning ganz_und_gar[ completely ].
Language: deu • Structure: [ganz und gar [VP|AdjP|AdvP]] • LU: gar
Types: Adverbial construction
Elements:
      cat="AdvP" name="ganz_und_gar"
      cat="VP" name="VP"
      cat="AdjP" name="AdjP"
      cat="AdvP" name="AdvP"
Examples: ganz_und_gar_VP-AdjP-AdvP[ Blau, ganz_und_gar[ ganz und gar ] AdjP[ blau ] war der Himmel. • ganz_und_gar_VP-AdjP-AdvP[ Aber das ist ja ganz_und_gar[ ganz und gar ] AdjP[ lächerlich ]. • ganz_und_gar_VP-AdjP-AdvP[ 40 Prozent VP-AdjP-AdvP[ würden eine solche Vorschrift hingegen "eher" oder " ] ganz_und_gar[ ganz und gar ] " VP[ ablehnen ] ]. • Dass Petry in der AfD gelandet sei, ganz_und_gar_VP-AdjP-AdvP[ VP[ könne ] er sich ganz_und_gar[ ganz und gar ] nicht VP[ erklären ] ] • Dreimal blaffte er kurzangebunden »Wer da?«, ganz_und_gar_VP-AdjP-AdvP[ doch der Angler schien ganz_und_gar[ ganz und gar ] mit dem zappelnden Fisch vor seinen nackten Füßen AdjP[ beschäftigt zu sein ] ], nach dem er sich umständlich bückte, ihn packte und in großem Bogen auf einen kantigen Stein schlug.

immer Adv-Cmp • Immer ofter denke ich an dich • 'I'm thinking of you more and more often'

This construction means that a Adv-Cmp[ characteristic of an action ] immer[ permanently increases ].
Language: deu • Structure: [immer [Adv-Cmp]] • LU:
Types: Adverbial
Elements:
      cat="adverb" name="immer"
      cat="adverb" name="Adv-Cmp" role="Characteristic"
Examples: Vergleiche kommen im Verlauf der Darstellung immer+Adv-Cmp[ immer[ immer ] Adv-Cmp[ wieder ] ] vor, sind manchmal unumgänglich, aber sie leiten den Gedankengang nicht. • Die Risse zwischen den Teilwelten des sozialen Kosmos traten mit den Jahren immer+Adv-Cmp[ immer[ immer ] Adv-Cmp[ deutlicher ] ] hervor. • In den siebziger und verstärkt in den achtziger Jahren sah ich auf Grund meiner Erfahrungen, wie das System sich immer+Adv-Cmp[ immer[ immer ] Adv-Cmp[ stärker ] ] gegenseitig verriegelt. • Der Druck entlud sich immer+Adv-Cmp[ immer[ immer ] Adv-Cmp[ öfter ] ] destruktiv. • Die funktionelle Güte der Dinge befriedigte immer+Adv-Cmp[ immer[ immer ] Adv-Cmp[ weniger ] ], ihr Erscheinungsbild wirkte wie festgefroren; moralisch waren sie bereits verschlissen, ehe sie überhaupt einen Käufer gefunden hatten.

interessieren NP-Dat für NP-Acc • Ich interessiere mich für die Kunst. • 'I am interested in art'

Construction which means that NP-Dat[ Cognizer ] is interested in NP-Acc[ Theme (smth or smb) ].
Language: deu • Structure: • LU: interessieren
Types: verb argument construction | Dative construction
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="interessieren"
      cat="NP" name="NP-Dat" role="Cognizer"
      cat="Prep" name="für"
      cat="NP" name="NP-Acc" role="Object"
Examples: Ja, ich interessieren_NP-Dat_für_NP-Acc[ interessiere NP_Dat[ mich ] für die Zertifizierung gemäß FSC-COC-Regularien ] (Yes, I am interested in certification according to FSC-COC rules.) • Ich interessieren_NP-Dat_für_NP-Acc[ interessiere NP-Dat[ mich ] für Ihre Produkte und Serviceleistungen ]. (I am interested in your products and services) • Bauern interessieren_NP-Dat_für_NP-Acc[ interessieren NP_Dat[ sich ] für Pflanzen mit höherem Ertrag ] (Farmers are interested in crops with a higher yield) • Philosophen interessieren_NP-Dat_für_NP-Acc[ interessieren NP-Dat[ sich ] für das Sein aller Dinge ]. (Philosophers are interested in the essence of all things.) • Ich interessieren_NP-Dat_für_NP-Acc[ interessiere NP-Dat[ mich ] für dieses Thema ]. (I am interested in this topic)

mit NP-Dat rückwärts gehen • Es geht mit eurer Wirtschaft rückwärts • 'Your household deteriorates'

This construction means that it gehen[ becomes ] rückwärts[ worse ] with NP-Dat[ something ].
Language: deu • Structure: [mit [NP-Dat] rückwärts gehen] • LU: rückwärts
Types: IO-variable
Elements:
      cat="pronoun" name="es"
      cat="verb" name="gehen"
      cat="preposition" name="mit"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Dat" role="Patient"
      cat="adverb" name="rückwärts"
Examples: aber wenn wir uns in die richtige Krabbelposition hoch stemmen, dann geht nur hin und her wippen oder es_gehen[ Ausserdem geht es ] rückwärts im Geburtskanal und das ist das Gegenteil zur Vorwärtsbewegung im Leben

NP-Acc aufsetzen • Soll ich das Teewasser aufsetzen? • 'Shall I put the kettle on?'

Construction which means that NP-Acc[ something ] is aufsetzen[ put on and turn on the cooker ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-ACC]aufsetzen] • LU: aufsetzen
Types: verb argument construction | selection shift | cue:sit
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-Nom" role="Patient"
      cat="Verb" name="aufsetzen"
Examples: In der Zwischenzeit können Sie NP-Acc_aufsetzen[ Patient[ das Wasser ] aufsetzen[ aufsetzen ] ], in dem Sie die Malloreddus kochen, die dann mit dieser Sosse angemacht werden. • NP-Acc_aufsetzen[ Patient[ Die rote Beete ] in einem Topf mit Wasser aufsetzen[ aufsetzen ] ]. • Handlungen in der Küche zu tun: ein Spiegelei braten, Mineralwasser trinken, NP-Acc_aufsetzen[ Patient[ Teewasser ] aufsetzen[ aufsetzen ] ] oder das Geschirr waschen • Während sie NP-Acc_aufsetzen[ Patient[ Wasser ] aufsetzen[ aufsetzte ] ], setzte er sich auf einen der beiden Stühle am Fenster.

NP-Acc beisammen bekommen • Ich bekomme die Geschichte beisammen • 'I remind the story'

beisammen_bekommen[ To remind ] NP-Acc[ something ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Acc] beisamen bekommen] • LU: bekommen
Types: DO-variable | verb argument construction | constant argument
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-Acc" role="Theme"
      cat="Adv" name="beisammen"
      cat="Verb" name="bekommen"
Examples:

NP-Acc nicht aus den Augen lassen • Diese Frage wollen wir nicht aus den Augen lassen. • 'We are going to keep an eye on this question.'

A verbal expression which means when someone lassen_nicht[ keeps ] aus_den_Augen[ an eye ] NP-Acc[ on something ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Acc] nicht aus den Augen lassen] • LU: Augen|lassen
Types: DO-variable | verb argument construction | constant argument | negation | cue:leave
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-Acc"
      cat="PP" name="aus_den_Augen"
      cat="VP" name="lassen"
      cat="Neg-Particle" name="nicht"
Examples: NP-Acc_nicht_aus_den_Augen_lassen[ Sie lassen[ lassen ] NP-Acc[ ihren Nachwuchs ] die ersten zwei Jahre nicht[ nicht ] aus_den_Augen[ aus den Augen ] ]. • NP-Acc_nicht_aus_den_Augen_lassen[ Ich lassen[ wollte ] NP-Acc[ ihn ] nicht[ nicht mehr ] aus_den_Augen[ aus den Augen ] lassen[ lassen ] ]. • NP-Acc_nicht_aus_den_Augen_lassen[ Der Matrose lassen[ darf ] NP-Acc[ die Kompaßrose ] nicht[ nie ] aus_den_Augen[ aus den Augen ] lassen[ lassen ] ]. • NP-Acc_nicht_aus_den_Augen_lassen[ NP-Acc[ Sozialdemokraten und alle die Verbände, welche in ähnlicher Weise nur die allgemeine Wohlfahrt untergraben ], lassen[ dürfen ] wir nicht[ niemals ] aus_den_Augen[ aus den Augen ] lassen[ lassen ] ]. • NP-Acc_nicht_aus_den_Augen_lassen[ Keinen Augenblick lassen[ lassen ] die drei Techniker NP-Acc[ die große Monitorwand ] aus_den_Augen[ aus den Augen ] ].

NP-Acc zur Kenntnis nehmen • Das Gericht hat den Text zur Kenntnis genommen. • 'The court took note of the text.'

A verbal expression which means that someone nehmen[ zur_Kenntnis[ takes note ] ] NP-Acc[ of something ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Acc] zur Kenntnis nehmen] • LU: nehmen
Types: DO-variable
Elements:
      cat="PP" name="zur_Kenntnis"
      cat="NP" name="NP-Acc"
      cat="VP" name="nehmen"
Examples: NP-Acc_zur_Kenntnis_nehmen[ Wir nehmen[ sollten ] NP-Acc[ das ] bitte zur_Kenntnis[ zur Kenntnis ] nehmen[ nehmen ] ]! • Ein General, NP-Acc_zur_Kenntnis_nehmen[ der NP-Acc[ nur Erfolge ] zur_Kenntnis[ zur Kenntnis ] nehmen[ nehmen will ] ], riskiert den völligen Zusammenbruch seiner Soldaten, panische Flucht, hohe Verluste und einen nicht wieder gutzumachenden Schaden an seinem Ruf. • NP-Acc_zur_Kenntnis_nehmen[ Wir nehmen[ müssen ] endlich zur_Kenntnis[ zur Kenntnis ] nehmen[ nehmen ], NP-Acc[ dass das Leben kein Paradies ist, wo man einfach verteilt, weil man sagt, wir sind sozial ] ]. • NP-Acc_zur_Kenntnis_nehmen[ David nehmen[ nahm ] NP-Acc[ es] mit einem Schulterzucken zur_Kenntnis[ zur Kenntnis ] ]. • NP-Acc_zur_Kenntnis_nehmen[ NP-Acc[ Selbst die Tips von Lukas für eine Exkursion nach Rantum ] nehmen[ nehmen ] sie lustlos zur_Kenntnis[ zur Kenntnis ] ].

NP-Acc auf dem Herzen haben • Ich habe die großen Pläne auf dem Herzen • 'I'm going to realize the great plans'

To have NP-Acc[ something ] auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ in the mind ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Acc]auf dem Herzen haben] • LU: Herz
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument | cue:have
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Acc" role="Theme"
      cat="preposition" name="auf"
      cat="noun phrase" name="dem Herzen"
Examples: Aus den Andeutungen und Scherzen, den flüchtigen Äußerungen und Fragen entnahm Madame de Montbail sehr bald, was der König nun NP-Acc+auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ NP-Acc[ recht ] eigentlich auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ auf dem Herzen hatte ] • Sprechen Sie sich aus, sagen Sie mir alles, NP-Acc+auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ NP-Acc[ was ] subject[ Sie ] auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ auf dem Herzen haben ] • Man muß den Sortimentern, gegen NP-Acc+auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ NP-Acc[ die ] Subject[ ich ] mancherlei auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ auf dem Herzen habe ], das Leben nicht noch schwerer machen, als sie sichs schon gemacht haben • Ich bin seine einzige Vertraute, aber er erzählt mir gewiß nur einen kleinen Teil dessen, NP-Acc+auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ NP-Acc[ was ] subject[ er ] auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ auf dem Herzen hat ] • Es scheint mir nun einmal an der Zeit, hier öffentlich auszusprechen, NP-Acc+auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ NP-Acc[ was ] Subject[ ich ] seit langem auf_dem_Herzen_haben[ auf dem Herzen habe ].

NP-Acc+in Acht nehmen • Du musst dich in Acht nehmen • 'you should be careful'

This construction shows that NP-Acc[ somenone ] in_Acht_nehmen[ should be careful ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Acc] in Acht nehmen] • LU: Nehmen
Types: DO-variable
Elements:
      cat="npun phrase" name="NP-Acc" role="Benefactive"
      cat="preposition" name="in"
      cat="noun" name="Acht"
      cat="verb" name="nehmen"
Examples: Und ich dachte, als Frau muß man sich hier vor den wilden Griechen so in acht nehmen? • Wir müssen uns vor meiner Frau in acht nehmen.

NP-DAT ähnlich sehen • Es gibt viele Gesichter, die sich ähnlich sehen. • 'There are many faces that look similar.'

A verb phrase which means that NP-DAT[ smth ] ähnlich_sehen[ looks similar ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-DAT] ähnlich sehen] • LU: sehen
Types: Direct Object-variable
Elements:
Examples: Vanessa, 14 Jahre alt, sieht ihrer Tante ähnlich.Vanessa, 14 years old, looks similar to her aunt. • "Sie sieht ihr ähnlich", antwortete der Indianer vorsichtig. "She looks like her, the Indian answered cautiously. • Cormac nickte und räumte damit ein, dass Narbengesicht einem großen und schwer bewaffneten Frosch durchaus ähnlich sah. (Cormac nodded, admitting that his face was quite similar to a big and heavily armed frog.) • Er hat sie vor Jahren einen Schaubude Besitzer zugewuchert, heißt es, bloß weil sie einem Mädchen – einer Christin – ähnlich sah. (He used to grow her a few years ago, just because she looked like a girl - a Christian.)

NP-DAT auf der Hand liegen • Es fordert den Wissenschaftler heraus, auch dort nach Lautgesetzen zu suchen, wo diese nicht offenkundig auf der Hand liegen. • 'It challenges the scientist to search for sound signals, even where they are not obvious.'

A verb phrase which means that NP-Dat[ smth ] is auf_der_Hand_liegen[ obvious ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-DAT] auf der Hand liegen] • LU: liegen
Types: Subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Alle römischen Kriege wurden von ihm als gerecht "(bellum iustum)" bezeichnet, selbst wenn Zweifel an dieser Einschätzung auf der Hand liegen. (All Roman wars were described by him as just "(bellum iustum)", even if doubts about this assessment are obvious.) • Das Märchen lässt mehrere volkstümliche Interpretationen („Lehren“) zu, die auf der Hand liegen, etwa: „Nur die Einfalt findet das Glück“. The fairy tale allows for several popular interpretations ("doctrines"), which are obvious: "Only the simplicity finds happiness." • Dabei dürfte auf der Hand liegen, dass geographische Lage, Ausländer(innen)quote und Geschlechterverteilungen - zumindest in einigen Fachrichtungen - einen bedeutsamen Effekt auf die Erwartungen haben muss, die man einer Schulklasse in Bezug auf ihr getestetes Kompetenzniveau entgegenbringt. It should be obvious that the geographical situation, foreigners' quota and gender distribution - at least in some disciplines - must have a significant effect on the expectations of a school class with regard to their tested level of competence.

NP-Dat auf die Füße treten • Die Kommission will den Staaten jedoch nicht auf die Füße treten • 'The commission doesn’t want to create obstacles to the States'

To auf_die_Füße_treten[ make obstacles to ] NP-Dat[ somebody ]
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Dat] auf die Füße treten • LU: treten
Types: IO-variable
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Dat" role="Patient"
      cat="preposition" name="auf"
      cat="noun phtase" name="die Füße"
      cat="verb" name="treten"
Examples: Ging es doch um eine Abrechnung mit einem Mann, der den Richtern des für politische Strafsachen zuständigen Senats des Reichsgerichts und NP-Dat_auf_die_Füße_treten[ NP-Dat[ den Herren Reichsanwälten ] compliment[ oft genug heftig ] auf_die_Füße_treten[ auf die Füße getreten hatte ] ] • Wer Interesse hat, sollte dennoch NP-Dat_auf_die_Füße_treten[ NP-Dat[ dem Gemeindeoder Stadtrat ] compliment[ schon mal ] auf_die_Füße_treten[ auf die Füße treten ], um allfällige Initiativen frühzeitig zu ergreifen • Kommt man unabsichtlich mit anderen Tanzpaaren in Konflikt, so entschuldigt sich der Herr - auch dann, wenn seine Dame NP-Dat_auf_die_Füße_treten[ NP-Dat[ jemanden ] verb[ gestoßen ] conj[ oder ] auf_die_Füße_treten[ auf den Fuß getreten hat ] • Gewiß, man ärgert sich vielleicht, wenn ein Passant uns kräftig auf den Fuß getreten hat; man liebt es auch nicht, wenn ein fremder Jemand allzu eindrucksvoll am Rücken oder Arm vorbei schlenkertWenn man NP-Dat_auf_die_Füße_treten[ NP-Dat[ jemandem ] compliment[ im Gedränge ] auf_die_Füße_treten[ auf den Fuß tritt ], ihn aus Versehen anrempelt, entschuldigt man sich höflich • Sowohl die Mondänen, die abends nach Lavendelwasser duften und sinnlich Tango tanzen und Strohwitwen trösten, wie die Naturburschen, die bieder ihre Pfeife qualmen und NP-Dat_auf_die_Füße_treten[ NP-Dat[ ihren anhimmelnden Verehrerinnen ] compliment[ beim derben Landler ] auf_die_Füße_treten[ auf die Füße treten ] - und ebenfalls Strohwitwen trösten.

NP-Dat freie Hand lassen • Deine Eltern sollten dir freie Hand lassen. • 'Your parents should let you act free.'

A verb phrase which means to give an opportunity to NP-Dat[ someone ] to act freely
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-DAT] freie Hand lassen] • LU:
Types: DO-variable (direct object)
Elements:
Examples: Wenn die USA gewisse für England abträgliche Zölle abschaffen, würde England den USA freie Hand in Mexiko lassen. If the United States were to abolish certain tariffs detrimental to Britain, England would let the USA act free in Mexico. • Während des türkisch-russischen Kriegs 1828 bis 1829 musste man ihnen freie Hand lassen. (During the Turkish-Russian War of 1828 to 1829 they had to be given freedom.) • Clavigo solle ihm nur freie Hand lassen und vor allem nichts Kompromittierendes unterschreiben. (Clavigo was to give him only freedomand, above all, to sign nothing compromising.)

NP-Dat+ums Herz sein • Es ist mir ums Herz • 'I feel it'

This construction describes ums_Herz_sein[ the deep ] NP-Dat[ feelings ] of somenone.
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Dat]ums Herz sein] • LU: sein
Types: IO-variable
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Dat" role="Recipient"
      cat="ellision of pronoun and article" name="ums"
      cat="noun" name="Herz"
      cat="verb" name="sein"
Examples: Es ist mir sehr schwer ums Herz. • Den Liebesbrief dürfen Sie so gefühlvoll schließen, wie immer Ihnen ums Herz ist und Sie werden die richtigen Worte ohne gute Ratschläge zu finden wissen. • Diese Angst: wirst Du auch nicht zum Halunken an Dir selbst und Deiner Sache - darfst Du auch so fühlen, wie es Dir ums Herz ist. • Ihm ist im Magen und ums Herz herum und in der Kehle übel, er wirft den Anzug aufs Bett und läßt heißes Wasser ins Waschbecken laufen. • Es wurde Terrier ein bißchen warm ums Herz und sentimental im Gemüt.

NP-NOM im Bilde sein über NP-ACC • Ich bin über die Ereignisse im Bild. • 'I am aware of the events.'

A verbal phrase means that NP-NOM[ smb ] im_Bilde_sein[ is fully informed / is aware ] about NP-Acc[ smth ].
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-NOM] im Bilde sein über [NP-ACC] • LU: sein
Types: Object and subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Archivalische Forschungen haben ergeben, dass die "Frères Merian" zumindest über die kommerziellen Möglichkeiten des Sklavenhandels im Bilde sein wollten. (Archival research has shown that the "Frères Merian" were at least interested in the commercial possibilities of the slavery trade) • Es ist durchaus möglich, dass Pitts Agenten darüber im Bilde waren. (It is possible that Pitt's agents knew of it.) • Nun meldet sie sich erneut bei der Journalistin Helen Thomas und gab an, dass Nixon über die Vorgänge im Bilde sein müsse. (Now she reports again to the journalist Helen Thomas and stated that Nixon must be aware of the events.)

NP-Nom abgekriegt • Er hat ziemlich viel abgekriegt • 'He got too much.'

Construction which means that NP-Nom[ smb ] gets too much.
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM]abgekriegt] • LU: abkriegen
Types:
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Subject"
      cat="verb" name="abkriegen"
Examples: Der Junge ist größer und schwerer als Andere aufgewachsen, NP-Nom[ er ] will Aufmerksamkeit, hat immer viel abgekriegt. • NP-Nom[ Unser Lindo ] hatte nicht so viel abgekriegt • „Ich glaube, NP-Nom[ Ihr Freund ] hat heute ein bisschen zu viel abgekriegt“, sagte er und deutete auf die Gestalt, die in ihrem Sessel zusammengesunken war. • NP-Nom[ Ihr ] linker Arm hat viel abgekriegt und zwei ihrer Finger sind vielleicht gebrochen.

NP-NOM am Platz sein • Diese Kleidung ist eindeutig am Platz. • 'This clothes is certainly appropriate.'

This noun phrase means that NP-NOM[ smth ] to am_Platz_sein[ be appropriate / suitable ].
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-NOM] am Platz sein]] • LU: an
Types: Subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Ihr Kleid ist am Platz für dieses Mittagessen. (Her dress is appropriate for the lunch.) • Seine Rede war am Platz für gesternes Treffen. (His speech was appropriatefor yesterday's meeting.) • Sein Blick war extrem am Platz für gestern Abend. (His look was extremly appropriate for yesterday's evening.)

NP-Nom fort sein • Das Wort ist fort • 'The word is forgotten'

NP-Nom[ Something ] fort_sein[ is forgotten ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Nom] fort sein] • LU:
Types: Subject variable
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Experiencer"
      cat="adjective" name="fort"
      cat="verb" name="sein"
Examples: .Er bat, ein Bild von sich zu bekommen, um es seinen Eltern senden zu können, da er jetzt NP-Nom_fort_sein[ NP-Nom[ 11/2 Jahre von Polen ] fort_sein[ fort sei ] und seine Eltern inzwischen nicht gesehen habe • Er war wie die alten Leute, die leicht und gerne weinen, weil NP-Nom_fort_sein[ NP-Nom[ das Leben schon so weit von ihnen ] fort_sein[ fort ist ] ] • Nun, nachdem NP-Nom_fort_sein[ NP-Nom[ die Farbe ] fort_sein[ fort war ] und das Licht der Augen, war es ein armes Gesicht geworden, so arm, als hätte es alles verschwendet, auch den letzten Reisepfennig. • Die kleine Wohnung in Niederrad, die Leni mit einer ältlichen Schwester teilte, die NP-Nom_fort_sein[ NP-Nom[ meistens auf Arbeit ] fort_sein[ fort war ], lag günstig für ein Versteck oder eine Flucht.

NP-NOM ganz Ohr sein • Während der Vorlesungen bin ich immer das ganze Ohr. • 'During the lectures I'm always fully attentive.'

A verb phrase which means that NP-NOM[ smb ] is ganz_Ohr_sein[ fully attentive or listens carefully ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM] ganz Ohr sein] • LU: None
Types: Subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Ganz Ohr war ich bei den vielen Spukgeschichten, die der eine immer noch gruseliger zum Besten gab, wie der andere. (I listened carefully to the many haunted stories, the one still creepier to the best as the other.) • Sie möchten den Wagen wechseln, ich bin ganz Ohr. (You want to change the car, I'm listening carefully.) • Fräulein Laura schien ganz Ohr. (Miss Laura seemed to be very attentive.)

NP-Nom geschehen NP-Dat recht • Es ist ihm ganz recht geschehen. • 'It happened to him very fair.'

Verbal expression which means that NP-Nom[ something ] geschehen[ happened ] NP-Dat[ to someone ] and it is recht[ fair ], one deserved that.
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP] geschehen [NP-Dat] recht] • LU: recht
Types: IO-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="geschehen"
      cat="AdvP" name="recht"
      cat="NP (Experiencer-Patient)" name="NP-Dat"
      cat="PronP" name="NP-Nom"
Examples: NP-Nom_geschehen_NP-Dat_recht[ NP-Nom[ Es ] geschehen[ geschieht ] NP-Dat[ Klaus ] recht[ ganz recht ], daß ihn so viele Unbilden zur gleichen Zeit treffen, meinen manche Leute. • Ich denke, NP-Nom_geschehen_NP-Dat_recht[ NP-Nom[ dies ] geschehen[ geschieht ] NP-Dat[ ihm ] recht[ recht ] ]. • Und viele sagen: NP-Nom_geschehen_NP-Dat_recht![ geschehen[ Geschieht ] NP-Dat[ dem Westen ] recht[ recht ] • NP-Nom_geschehen_NP-Dat_recht[ geschehen[ Geschieht ] NP-Dat[ ihm ] recht[ recht ], der kommt ja verboten eitel rüber. • NP-Nom_geschehen_NP-Dat_recht[ NP-Nom[ Es ] geschehen[ geschah ] NP-Dat[ dir ] recht[ recht ] ], George Dandin.

NP-Nom ist der Mühe wert • Die Revolution ist der Mühe wert. • 'The revolution is worth the trouble.'

A verbal expression which means that NP-Nom[ something ] ist[ is ] wert[ worth ] der_Mühe[ the trouble ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Nom] ist der Mühe wert] • LU: wert
Types: S-variable | aspekt
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-Nom"
      cat="VP" name="ist"
      cat="NP" name="der_Mühe"
      cat="AdjP" name="wert"
Examples: NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ NP-Nom[ Es ] ist[ war ] nicht der_Mühe[ der Mühe wert[ wert ], darüber nachzudenken, welchem Staatsdienst sie zugeordnet waren. • NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ Und doch ist[ ist ] NP-Nom[ er ] der_Mühe[ aller Mühe wert[ wert ]. • NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ Es ist[ war ] der_Mühe[ aller Mühen wert[ wert ] ], wie der jetzt vorliegende Bericht auf eindrucksvolle Weise bestätigt. • NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ NP-Nom[ Das diplomatische Ringen ] ist[ ist ] der_Mühe[ alle Mühe wert[ wert ]. • NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ Deshalb ist NP-Nom[ es ] auch der_Mühe[ großer Mühe wert[ wert ] ], gemeinsame Positionen zu finden. • NP-Nom_ist_der_Mühe_wert[ ist[ Ist ] NP-Nom[ er ] der_Mühe[ der Mühe wert[ wert ] ?

NP-Nom ist nicht drin • Ist nicht drin! • 'No chance!'

Constructiom which meant that NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ smth is not possible ]
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-Nom]ist_nicht_ drin] • LU: drin
Types:
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Subject"
      name="ist_nicht_drin"
Examples: Ich war zwar etwas schneller als Stian, aber mehr NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ war nicht drin ] (Although I was a bit quicker than Stian, a better result than this would not have been possible) • Wir haben unsere Position sicher verteidigen können. NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ Mehr war nicht drin ] ", gab Frank Lorenzo nach der Siegerehrung zu Protokoll.(We were able to defend our position, but nothing more", said Frank Lorenzo for the record, after the presentation ceremony. ) • Geschwindigkeit der Spitze nicht mehr mitgehen und gab sich mit dem Dritten Rang zufrieden: " NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ Heute war nicht mehr drin ] (Schwarzenbilder wasn't able to go the speed of the lead and he accepted the third place: "It wasn't more possible today. ) • Wir haben nämlich immer mit dem Etikett Hans-Peter Martin abgestimmt, aber NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ Hans-Peter Martin ist nicht drin ] (We have in fact always voted with the Hans-Peter Martin label, but Hans-Peter Martin has no chance. ) • Ich unterschreibe das jetzt hier, davon ausgehend, daß NP-Nom_ist_nicht_drin[ diese beiden Ziffern nicht drin ] sein werden (I would be signing it there and then, proceeding from the assumption that both these paragraphs would not be included)

NP-Nom ist NP-Dat wurst • Es ist mir völlig wurst! • 'I do not care at all!'

Constructon which means that NP-Dat[ Experiencer ] does not care about NP-Nom[ the Theme ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Nom] ist [NP-Dat] wurst] • LU: wurst
Types: verb argument construction
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Theme"
      cat="verb" name="ist"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-DAT" role="Experiencer"
      cat="noun" name="wurst"
Examples: NP-Nom_ist_NP-DAT_wurst[ Es ist NP-Dat[ mir völlig wurst ], wie ich mein weiteres Leben finanzieren soll.(I totally don't care how I should pay for my future life) • -“Auf dieses Thema kam er immer wieder zurück. Wie oft muss ich das noch sagen?”, erwiderte Hephzibah. -“ NP-Nom_ist_NP-DAT_wurst[ NP-Dat[ Mir ist das wurst ] ” -“Das?” -“Völlig wurst”. (- "He always came back on this topic. How often do I have to repeat?"-, Hepzibah replied. - "I don't care" -"What?" - "totally don't care".) • NP-Nom_NP-DAT_wurst[ subject[ Samira ] war das völlig Wurst ]. (Samira didn't care about it) • NP-Nom_ist_NP-DAT_wurst[ NP-Dat[ Denen ist es zum Großteil völlig wurst ], ob du zu Hause drei Kinder und einen arbeitslosen Mann sitzen hast.(The majority of them doesn't care whether you have three children at home or you are unemployed.) • NP-Nom_ist_NP-DAT_wurst[ Es ist NP-Dat[ ihm völlig Wurst ], was Vergangenheit ist und was Zukunft bedeutet. (He doesn't care what is past and what is future means)

NP-Nom knacken NP-Acc • Du knackst eine Bank • 'You rob a bank'

Verb construction which means that NP-Nom[ Agent ] crashed NP-Acc[ Patient ].
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-Nom [knacken [NP-ACC]]] • LU: knacken
Types:
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-NOM" role="Agent"
      cat="verb" name="knacken"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-ACC" role="Patient"
Examples: NP-NOM_knacken_NP-ACC[ agent[ Du ] predicate[ knackst ] patient[ einen Tresor ] ] (You rob a safe) • NP-NOM_knacken_NP-ACC[ agent[ Leipzig ] predicate[ knackt ] patient[ den Debütanten-Rekord ] ] (Leipzig cracked the Debutant-record) • NP-NOM_knacken_NP-ACC[ agent[ Diebe ] predicate[ knacken ] patient[ Juwelier ] ] vor Augen von Passanten. (Thieves cracked jewelry shop in front of passers-by) • NP-NOM_knacken_NP-ACC[ agent[ Sie ] predicate[ knackte ] patient[ den Code ] ] (They crashed the code)

NP-Nom kommen nicht in Frage • Die Änderung der Politik kommt nicht in Frage. • 'The change in the policy is out of the question.'

A verbal expression which means that NP-Nom[ something ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ is out of the question ], kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ is not discussible ].
Language: deu • Structure: None • LU: kommen
Types: S-variable
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP-Nom"
      cat="VP" name="kommen_nicht_in_Frage"
Examples: NP-Nom_kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ NP-Nom[ Nach Deutschland zurückzukehren ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ kam nicht in Frage ] ]. • NP-Nom_kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ NP-Nom[ Das ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ kommt nicht in Frage ] ]! • NP-Nom_kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ NP-Nom[ Belastungen für den Haushalt und die Bürger ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ kämen nicht in Frage ] ]. • NP-Nom_kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ NP-Nom[ Ein Kampfeinsatz ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ kommt nicht in Frage ] ], punkt. • NP-Nom_kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ NP-Nom[ Es ] kommen_nicht_in_Frage[ kommt nicht in Frage ], die Dynamik, mit der wir begonnen haben, jetzt abzubrechen ].

NP-Nom liegen an NP-Dat • Es liegt an ihm. • 'It is up to him.'

A verb phrase means that smth is up to NP-Nom[ smb ] / NP-Nom[ smth ] depends on NP_Dat[ smth ]
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-Nom [liegen [an [NP-Dat]]]] • LU: an
Types: verb argument construction (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Du kannst einem Mann immer glauben, dass es an ihm liegt! (You can a man always believe that it is up to him!) • Ich glaube, es liegt an seiner Flugunfähigkeit. (I think it's its flightlessness.) • Dies liegt an dem einzigartigen Charakter des Freeways-Projekts, der sich durch folgende Merkmale auszeichnet. (This is due to the unique character of the freeways project, in the sense that.)

NP-NOM liegen NP-DAT nicht • Das liegt mir nicht. • 'This isn’t shape of my heart.'

A verbal phrase which means that NP-NOM[ smth ] liegen_nicht[ isn’t shape ] of NP-DAT[ smb's heart ]
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM] liegen [NP-DAT] nicht] • LU: liegen
Types:
Elements:
Examples: Die Entscheidung liegt aber nicht bei Ihnen, Mark, gab Browning zurück. (“It's not your choice, Mark, Browning said.) • Es liegt an ihm. (It's up to him.) • Das liegt nicht jedem. (This isn't everybody's job.)

NP-NOM mit den Traditionen brechen • Ihr Verhalten bricht mit den Traditionen. • 'Her behaviour violates the traditions.'

This verb phrase means that NP-NOM[ smth ] brechen[ violates ] Traditionen[ the traditions ].
Language: deu • Structure: [NP-NOM] mit den Traditionen brechen]] • LU: Tradition
Types:
Elements:
Examples: Ein solcher Ansatz bricht die Traditionen. (Such an approach breaks the traditions.) • Ihre Worte brachen die Traditionen seines Essens. (Her words broke the traditions of his dinner.) • Ihre Handlungen brachen die Traditionen unserer Daten. (Her actions broke the traditions of our dates.)

NP-NOM sein NP-DAT [zu] hoch • Das ist mir zu hoch. • 'That beats me!'

An adverbal phrase means that NP_NOM[ smth ] zu_hoch[ beats ] NP-DAT[ smb ]. (Smb can’t understand smth).
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM] sein [NP-DAT] (zu) hoch] • LU: hoch
Types: Object and subject variable (with restrictions)
Elements:
Examples: Es ist dir zu hoch. (That's too deep for you.) • Das Buch ist mir zu hoch. (The book is too difficult for me.)

NP-Nom spinnen • Du spinnst! • 'You're crazy'

Verbal conspruction which means that NP-Nom[ someone ] is crazy
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-NOM] spinnen] • LU: spinnen
Types: verb argument construction
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Subject"
      cat="verb" name="spinnen"
Examples: Ich glaube NP-Nom[ du spinnst ]. (I think you are crazy) • NP-Nom[ Du ] spinnst wohl! Du bist wohl nicht recht bei Verstand! (You are totally crazy! You're not right!) • NP-Nom[ Ich ] spinne heute ein wenig. (I'm a little crazy today.) • Die spinnen, NP-Nom[ die Römer ]. (The Romans are crazy.)

NP-Nom vor der Tür sein • Der Termin ist vor der Tür • 'The deadline is coming soon'

NP-Nom[Something ] vor_der_Tür_sein[ is going to happen soon ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Nom] vor der Tür sein] • LU: None
Types: S-variable
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Event"
      cat="preposition" name="vor"
      cat="article" name="der"
      cat="noun" name="Tür"
Examples: Die fünfzig Taler, die Ihr mich geliehen, ich soll auf die Johanni zurückzahlen, und NP-Nom_vor_der_Tür_sein[ NP-Nom[ der Termin ] vor_der_Tür_sein[ ist vor der Tür ] • Zu den Aufgaben von Ordnungsgruppen, die Ende der 80er Jahre etwa 40000 Mitglieder hatten, gehörte es auch, lokale Veranstaltungen zu sichern, den Einlaß und die Überwachung von Veranstaltungen in Jugendklubs zu übernehmen sowie im Auftrag von SED und F. für die »Erhöhung von öffentlicher Ordnung und Sicherheit« zu sorgen, wenn NP-Nom_vor_der_Tür_sein[ NP-Nom[ politische Großereignisse ] vor_der_Tür_sein[ vor der Tür sein ] • Dennoch: Ob die vielen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den Börsengeschichten von damals und von jetzt schon ganz allein die Sorge untermauern, daß nun wie seinerzeit NP-Nom_vor_der_Tür_sein[ NP-Nom[ eine große Krise ] vor_der_Tür_sein[ vor der Tür ist ] darf bezweifelt werden • Die Welt erscheint als ein Haufe von Leidenschaften und Zufällen hier wie dort; mit dem Unterschied, daß ihr Gesetzbegriff in NP-Nom_vor_der_Tür_sein[ NP-Nom[ der Renaissance ] noch vor_der_Tür_sein[ vor der Tür war ], während er im Faschismus zur Tür hinausgeworfen wird • Freilich ist, wie man heute sieht, der Zeitpunkt beider Eingaben nicht sehr günstig gewählt worden, da NP-Nom_vor_der_Tür_sein[ NP-Nom[ die Auflösung des Landtags ] vor_der_Tür_sein[ vor der Tür ist ].

NP-Nom zu tief ins Glas schauen • Er hat zu tief ins Glas geschaut. • 'He drank too much'

NP construction which means that NP-Nom[ Behaver ] zu_tief_ins_Glas_schauen[ drinks too much ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[NP-Nom]zu_ tief _ins_ Glas _schauen ] • LU: tief
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument
Elements:
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Nom" role="Behaver"
      cat="noun" name="Glass"
      cat="adjective" name="tief"
      cat="verb" name="schauen"
Examples: Als Cordula ihre tiefen Augenringe im Spiegel betrachtete, war ihr klar, dass NP-Nom[ sie ] am Abend zuvor wirklich zu_tief_ins_Glas_schauen[ zu tief ins Glas geschaut hatte ] (When Cordula looked in the mirror at her deep eye-rings, she realized that the evening before she had drunk really too much) • NP-Nom[ Du ] predicate[ solltest ] neg[ nicht ] zu_tief_ins_Glas_schaen[ zu tief ins Glas schauen ] sonst musst du dir ein Taxi nehmen. (You shouldn’t drink alcohol, otherwise you have to take a taxi) • Gefahr für das Baby: NP-Nom[ Jede 20. Schwangere ] schaut zu tief ins Glas. (Danger to the baby: every twentieth pregnant women drinks alkohol) • Das kommt dabei heraus, wenn NP-Nom[ man ] zu tief ins Glas geguckt hat! • Zwar gibt es in Niedersachsen weniger jugendliche Komasäufer - dafür gucken immer NP-Nom[ mehr Rentner ] zu tief ins Glas

REFL-Dat VP-Inf lassen • Er lässt sich die Haare schneiden. • 'He gets his hair cut.'

A verbal expression which means that REFL-Dat[ someone ] lassen[ gets ] VP-Inf[ something done ] by someone else.
Language: deu • Structure: [[REFL-Dat] [VP-Inf] lassen] • LU: lassen
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP-Inf"
      cat="REFL" name="REFL-Dat"
      cat="VP" name="lassen"
Examples: REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ Meine Mutter lassen[ läßt ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] in der Stunde, in der ich Klavierunterricht habe, immer VP-Inf[ das Haar schön machen ]. • REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ Sie lassen[ läßt ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] auf einer Bank in einem Salon liegend VP-Inf[ braunbrennen ] oder VP-Inf[ massieren ]. • Der Bäcker kauft beim Metzger, und REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ der Dachdecker lassen[ lässt ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] beim Friseur VP-Inf[ die Haare schneiden ]. • REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ Kinder lassen[ lassen ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] VP-Inf[ die ägyptische Fahne aufs Gesicht malen ] ], während ihre Eltern Lieder und Reden anhören. • REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ Auch Politiker, die in die Jahre kommen, lassen[ lassen ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] VP-Inf[ die Haare tönen ] ] ; färben wäre zu radikal. • REFL-Dat_VP-Inf_lassen[ Die im Jahr 2000 gestorbene Lolo Ferrari lassen[ ließ ] REFL-Dat[ sich ] 22 Mal VP-Inf[ operieren ] ], hatte 130 Zentimeter Oberweite und soll sechs Kilo Brust vor sich hergetragen haben.

so gut wie AdjP • Das Gebäude ist so gut wie leer. • 'The building is practically empty.'

An adverbial expression which means that some feature is so_gut_wie[ practically ] AdjP[ hold ].
Language: deu • Structure: [so gut wie [AdjP]] • LU: gut
Types: AdjP-variable
Elements:
      cat="AdjP" name="AdjP"
      cat="AdvP" name="so_gut_wie"
Examples: Sie geht jetzt immer allein durch die Stadt, und so_gut_wie_AdjP[ die Stadt ist so_gut_wie[ so gut wie AdjP[ leer ]. • so_gut_wie_AdjP[ Da war ja so_gut_wie[ so gut wie AdjP[ gar nichts zu tun ]! • Du bist erschöpft, du hast Hunger, so_gut_wie_AdjP[ dein Eisschrank ist so_gut_wie[ so gut wie AdjP[ leer ] und zum Einkaufen hast du keine Lust. • Plötzlich frage ich den Mann, so_gut_wie_AdjP[ ob er meine so_gut_wie[ so gut wie AdjP[ unberührten ] Spaghetti zu Ende essen möchte. • so_gut_wie_AdjP[ Denn ] so_gut_wie[ so gut wie ] AdjP[ alle ] Senioren möchten unbedingt in ihrer vertrauten Umgebung bleiben ].

Tut NP-Dat leid • Es tut mir leid • 'I&m sorry'

Construstion which shows that NP-Dat[ Experiencer ] feels sorry about smth
Language: deu • Structure: [Tut [NP-Dat] leid] • LU: leid
Types:
Elements:
      cat="verb" name="Tun"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Dat" role="Experiencer"
      cat="adjective" name="leid"
Examples: Abends, wenn sie auseinandergehen mußten, Tut_NP-DAT_leid[ tat es experiencer[ Johann ] leid • Daß man den kleinen Riesen mit dem Rollenkopf zusammengeschlagen hatte, Tut_NP-DAT_leid[ tat experiencer[ ihm ] adverb[ trotzdem ] leid • Tut_NP-DAT_leid[ experiencer[ Ihm ] tun subject[ die Tiere ] leid • " Tut_NP-DAT_leid[ Es tut experiencer[ mir ] adverb[ aufrichtig ] leid um Ihre Eltern", sagte Frohner • Tut_NP-DAT_leid[ Es tut experiencer[ mir ] adverb[ wirklich leid ], daß sie auf das Niveau der PDS gesunken sind

VP klipp und klar • Ich habe ihr klipp und klar geantwortet. • 'I answered to her terse and clear.'

An adverbial expression which means that something VP[ was done ] klipp_und_klar[ briefly and clear ], usually meaning speech acts.
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] klipp und klar] • LU: klar
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP"
      cat="AdjP" name="klipp_und_klar"
Examples: VP_klipp_und_klar[ Die Majorin VP[ drückt ] sich klipp_und_klar[ klipp und klar VP[ aus ]. • VP_klipp_und_klar[ Warum VP[ sagte ] sie nicht klipp_und_klar[ klipp und klar ] ], was sie wollte? • VP_klipp_und_klar[ Bei uns VP[ ist ] klipp_und_klar[ klipp und klar VP[ vereinbart ] ], dass jegliche Gewalt abgelehnt und sanktioniert wird. • VP_klipp_und_klar[ Die Dinge VP[ müssen ] auch mal klipp_und_klar[ klipp und klar VP[ angesprochen werden ]. • VP_klipp_und_klar[ In dem Bericht klipp_und_klar[ heißt es klipp_und_klar[ klipp und klar ] ], dass es für den Bau von neuen Atomkraftwerken keine staatlichen Subventionen gibt.

VP mit einem Mal • Mit einem Mal schien alles möglich. • 'Suddenly, everything seemed possible.'

An adverbial expression which means that VP[ some event takes place ] mit_einem_Mal[ suddenly ], mit_einem_Mal[ all at once ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] mit einem Mal] • LU: Mal
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="AdvP" name="mit_einem_Mal"
      cat="VP" name="VP"
Examples: VP_mit_einem_Mal[ mit_einem_Mal[ Mit einem Mal VP[ fühlte ich mich so schwach ], am liebsten hätte ich einfach die Augen geschlossen und wäre in mich zusammengesackt. • VP_mit_einem_Mal[ mit_einem_Mal[ Mit einem Mal VP[ sieht ] er sehr unglücklich VP[ aus ]. • VP_mit_einem_Mal[ mit_einem_Mal[ Mit einem Mal VP[ liegt ] da hoher Schnee. • Sie lachen, scherzen, VP_mit_einem_Mal[ VP[ sind ] mit_einem_Mal[ mit einem Mal ] unglaublich nett. • VP_mit_einem_Mal[ mit_einem_Mal[ Mit einem Mal ] VP[ fühlte ] Kommissar Gordon sich sehr müde.

VP nach und nach • Nach und nach werden die Vorlesungen interessanter. • 'The lectures are slowly becoming more interesting.'

An adverbial expression which means thatsomething or someone is VP[ happening or doing ] something nach_und_nach[ by and by ], nach_und_nach[ bit by bit ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] nach und nach] • LU: nach
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP"
      cat="AdjP" name="nach_und_nach"
Examples: VP_nach_und_nach[ Sein Begriffsvermögen VP[ kehrte ] nach_und_nach[ nach und nach VP[ zurück ]. • VP_nach_und_nach[ nach_und_nach[ Nach und nach VP[ darf ] sie ihre Wohnung VP[ verlassen ] ], erst für eine Stunde pro Tag, dann für zwei und sogar drei. • VP_nach_und_nach[ Die Gäste VP[ sind ] nach_und_nach[ nach und nach VP[ verschwunden ]. • VP_nach_und_nach[ Vom Herd nehmen, kalte Milch und nach_und_nach[ nach und nach Eier und Öl VP[ einrühren ]. • VP_nach_und_nach[ Gerade VP[ reduziert ] er nach_und_nach[ nach und nach ] die Dosis der Pillen ].

VP vor Kurzem • Ich habe ihn vor Kurzem getroffen. • 'I met him recently.'

An adverbial expression which means that VP[ some event took place ] vor_Kurzem[ recently ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] vor Kurzem] • LU: kurz
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP"
      cat="AdvP" name="vor_Kurzem"
Examples: VP_vor_Kurzem[ vor_Kurzem[ Vor Kurzem VP[ fanden ] Forscher jedoch VP[ heraus ] ], dass es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Erdbeben und Vollmond geben kann. • VP_vor_Kurzem[ Erst vor_Kurzem[ vor Kurzem VP[ hatte ] er VP[ sich in den Kopf gesetzt ] ], eine neue Wohnung zu finden. • VP_vor_Kurzem[ Sie VP[ haben ] vor_Kurzem[ vor Kurzem ein Buch VP[ veröffentlicht ]. • Auf die Möbelmesse in Mailand, VP_vor_Kurzem[ wo ich vor_Kurzem[ vor Kurzem VP[ war ] ], habe ich das Rad jedenfalls nicht mitgenommen. • VP_vor_Kurzem[ Bis vor_Kurzem[ vor Kurzem VP[ galten ] Brillenketten als Accessoire für ältere Leute.

VP wie es sich gehört • Zieh die Jacke an wie es sich gehört. • 'Put the jacket on as it should be.'

Adverbial expression which means that some event VP[ happened ] wie_es_sich_gehört[ the way it was supposed ] to or wie_es_sich_gehört[ as is common ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] wie es sich gehört] • LU: gehören
Types: VP-variable
Elements:
      cat="verb" name="VP"
      cat="AdvP" name="wie_es_sich_gehört"
Examples: VP_wie_es_sich_gehört[ Sein Hemd VP[ hat ] ihm die Braut VP[ gekauft ], wie_es_sich_gehört[ wie es sich gehört ]. • VP_wie_es_sich_gehört[ Offenbar VP[ wurde ] in diesem Haus, wie_es_sich_gehört[ wie es sich gehört ], VP[ unbekleidet ] in die Sauna VP[ gegangen ]. • VP_wie_es_sich_gehört[ wie_es_sich_gehört[ Wie es sich gehört ], VP[ klären ] wir uns über Herkunft und Beruf VP[ auf ]. • Und nun frage sie sich, warum sie davor zurückgeschreckt sei, VP_wie_es_sich_gehört[ warum sie Thea VP[ nicht gefolgt sei ], wie_es_sich_gehört[ wie es sich gehört hätte ]. • Schwarze Mehlsuppe, der Vater kannte sie, er roch sie sofort, und VP_wie_es_sich_gehört[ eben VP[ goß ] auch der Offizier, wie_es_sich_gehört[ wie es sich gehörte ], ein halbes Glas Rotwein in den Teller.

VP ab und zu • Ich höre ab und zu von ihr. • 'I listen to him from time to time.'

Adverbial expression which means that VP[ smth happens ] ab_und_zu[ from time to time ].
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP] ab und zu]] • LU: None
Types: adverbial
Elements:
      cat="conj" name="ab"
      cat="conj" name="zu"
      cat="verb phrase" name="VP" role="Event"
Examples: Der Kellner VP+ab_und_zu[ VP[ ging ] hastig ab_und_zu[ ab und zu ]. • Ich VP+ab_und_zu[ VP[ gehe ] ab_und_zu[ ab und zu ] dort einkaufen. • VP+ab_und_zu[ ab_und_zu[ Ab und zu VP[ habe ] subject[ ich ] VP[ Lust ] auf Süßigkeiten • Ich bin kein Profifußballspieler, ich VP+ab_und_zu[ VP[ spiele ] nur ab_aud_zu[ ab und zu ] Fußball. • Treibst Du oft Sport? Nein, nur ab_und_zu[ ab und zu ].

VP im Schweiße NP-Gen Angesichts • Er macht die Aufgabe im Schweiße seines Angesichts • 'He completes his task in the sweat'

NP-Gen[ Smb ] VP[ does something ] im_Schweiße_Angesichts[ with a lot of effort ]
Language: deu • Structure: [[VP]im schweiße [NP-Gen] Angesichts] • LU: Angesichts
Types: PP-constant argument | intensifier
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="VP" role="Activity"
      cat="ellision of preposition and article" name="im"
      cat="noun" name="Schweiße"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Gen" role="Possessor"
Examples: Allerdings hatte der Müllwerker, anders als der Akademiker, jahrelang Zeit, VP+im_Schweiße+NP-Gen+Angesichts[ im_Schweiße[ im Schweiße NP-Gen[ seines ] Angesichts[ Angesichts ] VP[ über dem Problem zu brüten ] • VP+im_Schweiße+NP-Gen+Angesichts[ im_Schweiße[ Im Schweiße NP-Gen[ deines ] Angesichts[ Angesichts ] VP[ sollst ] du dein Brot essen • Etwas VP+im_Schweiße+NP-Gen+Angesichts[ im_Schweiße[ im Schweiße NP-Gen[ seines ] Angesichts[ Angesichts ] VP[ tun müssen ] : sich abmühen, eine lange qualvolle Arbeit verrichten müssen • VP+im_Schweiße+NP-Gen+Angesichts[ VP[ Seitdem ] arbeitet subject[ Hanna ] im_Schweiße[ im Schweiße NP-Gen[ ihres ] Angesichts[ Angesichts ] • Du hast recht, wir können schon sagen, VP+im_Schweiße+NP-Gen+Angesichts[ im_Schweiße[ im Schweiße NP-Gen[ unseres ] Angesichts[ Angesichts ] VP[ haben ] subject[ wir ] das kleine bißchen gezeugt.

weder X1 noch X2 • Ich mag weder Schokolade noch Eis. • 'I like neither chocolate nor ice cream'

Conjunction construction which reject two alternatives ( X1[ X1 ] and X2)[ X2 ] and means: weder_X1_noch_X2[ neither X1 nor X2 ]
Language: deu • Structure: [weder [X1] oder [X2] ] • LU: oder
Types:
Elements:
      cat="Conj" name="weder"
      cat="Conj" name="oder"
Examples: conj[ Weder ] X1[ er ] Conj[ noch ] X2[ ich ] können morgen kommen. (Neither he nor I can come tomorrow.) • Nun aber gab es in Karthago conj[ weder ] X1[ Hirsche ] conj[ noch ] X2[ Stiere ] mehr. (However, in Carthage there were neither any deers, nor any bulls.) • Ich sah mit einem Blick, daß conj[ weder ] X1[ Rum ] conj[ noch ] X2[ Wodka ] (I immediately saw that there were neither any rom, nor any vodka.) • Wir haben conj[ weder ] X1[ Wasser ] conj[ noch ] X2[ Lebensmittel ] mehr! (We have neither any water, nor any food!) • Früher schloß ich conj[ weder ] X1[ meine Wohnung ] conj[ noch ] X2[ meinen Wagen ] je ab. (Not long ago I locked neither my flat, nor my car)

Wie geht es NP-Dat • Wie geht es dir? • 'How are you?'

This verb phrase means: 'How are NP-Dat[ you ] going on?
Language: deu • Structure: [Wie geht es [NP-DAT]] • LU: es
Types: Direct Object-variable
Elements:
Examples: Wie geht es dir jetzt eigentlich selber, Pappy? fragte Byron. ("How do you feel these days yourself, Pappy?" Byron asked.) • "Wie geht es Mitch?", erkundigte er sich. (“How's Mitch?” he asked.) • Ach wie ging es der armen Marie in der folgenden Nacht! (Ah, how did it fare with Marie that night?) • Wie immer geht es ihm darum, er selbst zu sein." Theo nickte. ("As always. Himself." Theo nodded.)

Wie nun vor NP-Dat • Wie nun vor hundert Jahren • 'Like one hundred years ago'

A temporary bound that tells for NP-Dat[ what Time ] any event has not been happening.
Language: deu • Structure: [wie nun vor [NP-Dat]] • LU: vor
Types:
Elements:
      cat="conjunction" name="wie"
      cat="interjection" name="nun"
      cat="preposition" name="vor"
      cat="noun phrase" name="NP-Dat" role="Time"
Examples: Die Buntbären unter ihnen erinnerten sich daran, daß ihre Eltern ihnen erzählt hatten, Wie_nun_vor+NP-Dat[ wie_nun_vor[ wie nun vor NP-Dat[ vielen Jahren ] ihre Vorfahren im Großen Wald gelebt hatten. • Die Linde würde vermutlich eingehen Wie_nun_vor+NP-Dat[ wie_nun_vor[ wie nun vor NP-Dat[ zwei Jahren ] die letzte, die nach Ausquartierung des Besatzungskommissariats 1947 gepflanzt worden war, nachdem General Woitbecker die erste, über zweihundert Jahre alte Linde mit der Begründung hatte fällen lassen, sie nähme zuviel Licht • Jetzt ist die Schlange vor dem Eingang nicht mehr so lang Wie_nun_vor+NP-Dat[ wie_nun_vor[ wie nun vor NP-Dat[ einigen Tagen ] ; sie breiten Toms Marilyn-Monroe-Handtuch aus und gehen bald ins Wasser. • So kosten Kartoffeln im Augenblick weithin im Königreich nur noch halb soviel Wie_nun_vor+NP-Dat[ wie_nun_vor[ wie nun vor NP-Dat[ 30 oder 40 Jahren ] • Wie_nun_vor+NP-Dat[ wie_nun_vor[ Wie nun vor ] NP-Dat[ tausend Jahren ] die Hunnen unter ihrem König Etzel sich einen Namen gemacht.

French Constructicon

Team: Marina Korshak, Maria Grabovskaya, Evgeniya Murzinova, Kirill Aksenov

avoir mal à NP • J`ai mal aux dents • 'I have a toothache'

We use this construction to say that X feels pain in some part of the body
Language: fra • Structure: [avoir mal [à NP]] • LU: mal
Types: prepositional
Elements:
      cat="verb" name="avoir"
      cat="N|NP" name="Source" role="Source"
      cat="noun" name="mal"
Examples: Il avoir_mal_à_NP[ avait mal à la tête ] il était claqué, • Par exemple, si un patient se plaint d' ] avoir_mal_à_NP[ avoir mal au ventre ], un examen aidera à confirmer ou à exclure les origines possibles de la gêne. • Henriette avoir_mal_à_NP[ a mal au dos ], surtout les jours où je me fais porter • Le chat peut aussi avoir_mal_à_NP[ avoir mal au genou ], avec des inflammations de cette zone. • Elle avoir_mal_à_NP[ aura mal au dos ] jusqu'au jour où elle aura enfin gagné la partie.

ça va ADV • Ça va bien! • 'Things are going well!'

We use this construction as a question "How are you doing?" and as an answer to this question. We can be more precised using an adverb after that
Language: fra • Structure: [Ça va [ADV]] • LU: mieux
Types: speech production
Elements:
      cat="Adv" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
      cat="Pronom" lu="ça" name="ça"
      cat="Verb" lu="aller" name="va"
Examples: Et ta mère, ça_va_ADV?[ ça va ] • Mais ça_va_ADV[ ça va Evaluation[ mieux ] ], te voilà toute rose… • – Oui, ça_va_ADV[ ça va ], c'est très bien. • — Vous êtes sûr que ça_va_ADV?[ ça va Evaluation[ bien ] • Malgré leur caparace et leur attitude ' ] ça_va_ADV[ Ça va ], laisse-moi tranquille', beaucoup de garçons trouvent la vie difficile.

comme NP être AdjP • Comme il est beau! • '- How beautiful it is!'

We use this construction Intensifier[ to intensify ] Evaluation[ the characterisitc ] of Stimulus[ someone or something ]
Language: fra • Structure: [Comme [NP être [AdjP]]] • LU: None
Types: intensification
Elements:
      cat="Adv" lu="comme" name="Intensifier" role="Internsifier"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
      cat="Verb" lu="être" name="être"
      cat="AdjP" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
Examples: comme_NP_être_AdjP[ comme[ Comme ] Stimulus[ il ] être[ est ] Evaluation[ beau ] ], cet homme! • Mais comme_NP_être_AdjP![ Intensifier[ comme ] Stimulus[ c ] ' ] être[ est ] Evaluation[ difficile ] • comme_NP_être_AdjP![ Intensifier[ comme ] Stimulus[ c ] ' ] être[ est ] Evaluation[ cher ] • comme_NP_être_AdjP[ Intensifier[ Comme ] Stimulus[ elle ] être[ est ] Evaluation[ jolie ] dans cette robe! • comme_NP_être_AdjP[ Intensifier[ Comme ] Stimulus[ tu ] être[ es ] Evaluation[ cruel ] pour moi…

donner NP • donner la fièvre • 'to cause the flu'

the construction is used when something stimulates an appearance of a new status
Language: fra • Structure: [donner [NP]] • LU: frousse
Types:
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="donner" role="Action"
Examples: Elle lui donner_NP[ a donné la fièvre ] • Ca me donner_NP[ donne la frousse ] • Cela doit vous donner_NP[ donner un bel appétit]

donner sur NP • donner sur la rue • 'to face the street'

the construction is used to describe what object the window faces
Language: fra • Structure: donner sur [NP] • LU: jardin
Types:
Elements:
Examples: Au Sud la maison donner_sur_NP[ donne sur une place ] • Jardin avec une grande terrasse donner_sur_NP[ donnant sur la piscine ] • Studio indépendant avec chambre, salle de bains, kitchenette donner_sur_NP[ donnant sur une terrasse privatisable ] • Le gîte a une entrée privée et donner_sur_NP[ donne sur une terrasse très agréable ] • Double séjour donner_sur_NP[ donnant sur jardin ] et terrasse avec cheminée.

faire Adj impression • Je veux faire une bonne première impression. • '- I want to make good first impression.'

to make impression (type of impression depends on adjective)
Language: fra • Structure: [faire [Adj impression]] • LU: impression
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="Noun" name="impression"
      cat="Adj" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
Examples: Ne voulant pas faire_Adj_impression[ faire Evaluation[ mauvaise impression politique ], je vais m'y rendre, bien que je n'accepte généralement pas ce genre d'invitation sans qu'elle ait été convenue auparavant. • Lorsque nous nous préparons - et nous nous préparons assez bien -, nous le faisons naturellement afin de faire_Adj_impression[ faire Evaluation[ bonne impression ], mais nous n'avons pas suffisamment pensé au bien de l'humanité. • Elle a commencé par me faire_Adj_impression[ faire une Evaluation[ mauvaise impression ] ]. • Cela faire_Adj_impression[ fait Evaluation[ bonne impression sur les clients ]. • Vous faire_Adj_impression[ ferez Evaluation[ bonne impression ] ] si vous arrivez à l'heure à vos rendez vous, réunions, cours ou activités sociales.

faire attention à NP • Je fais attention à l`eau. • '- I pay attention to water.'

To pay attention to smth
Language: fra • Structure: [faire attention [à [NP]]] • LU: attention
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="Noun" name="attention"
      cat="Preposition" name="à"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
Examples: Ce n'est pas ce que je dis mais la manière dont je vais le dire qui a ici son importance et je dois à chaque fois faire_attention_à_NP[ faire attention à Stimulus[ ça ] ]. • Il faudra en tenir compte, de la même manière qu'il faudra faire_attention_à_NP[ faire attention à Stimulus[ la possibilité ] pour les États membres de présenter des rapports circonstanciés concernant leurs potentiels nationaux. • Essaie de faire_attention_à_NP[ faire attention à Stimulus[ l'heure ] et d'éviter de t'absenter du bureau. • Pour le dessin avec le vieux monsieur et l'oiseau, elle doit faire_attention_à_NP[ faire attention à Stimulus[ tous les détails ] ]. • Alors qu'il soupait avec le roi de France, il se retira de la conversation sans plus faire_attention_à_NP![ faire attention au Stimulus[ roi ]

faire connaissance de/avec NP • Je fais connaissance avec mon nouveau quartier. • '- I get acquainted with my new neighborhood.'

To get acquainted with smb (also possible for animals)
Language: fra • Structure: [faire connaissance [de/avec [NP]]] • LU: connaissance
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="Noun" name="connaissance"
      cat="Preposition" name="de"
      cat="Preposition" name="avec"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Je pense que vous avez déjà eu l'occasion de faire_connaissance_de/avec_NP[ faire connaissance avec Patient[ quelques-unes des personnes ] assises à cette table, mais je vais simplement les passer rapidement en revue. • C'est Monsieur Hernan, Argentin qui adore parler français faire_connaissance_de/avec_NP[ avec Patient[ qui je fais connaissance ] ]. • A partir de là, je faire_connaissance_de/avec_NP[ fais la connaissance de Patient[ personnes ] ] bien placées dans cette sphère très fermée, avec qui je collaborerai pendant plusieurs années. • Mais les gens qui habitent près de chez moi apprécient de venir me voir sur place, après avoir vu leur vétérinaire, afin que je faire_connaissance_de/avec_NP[ fasse connaissance avec Patient[ leur chien ] ]. • Elle vous permettra de découvrir l'actualité de nos programmes et de faire_connaissance_de/avec_NP[ faire connaissance avec Patient[ quelques membres de nos équipes nationales ] ].

faire de NP • Je fais du vélo. • '- I ride a bicycle.'

To do some activity (sports or music)
Language: fra • Structure: [faire [de [NP]]] • LU: faire de
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="verb" name="faire"
      cat="preposition" name="de"
      cat="NP" name="Instrument" role="Instrument"
Examples: Bruxelles a de magnifiques espaces verts et cela incite à marcher et faire_de_NP[ faire du Instrument[ vélo ] ]. • La possibilité de procréer est aussi essentielle au mariage que nager l'est à un maître-nageur et que faire_de_NP[ faire de Instrument[ la musique ] l'est à un musicien. • Et je me suis dit - si je peux faire_de_NP[ faire du Instrument[ ski ] ], pourquoi ne puis-je pas jouer au golf? • faire_de_NP[ Faire du Instrument[ sport ] le matin vous évite d'annuler votre séance d'entraînement pour une raison quelconque. • Découvrez les meilleurs breaks ou apprenez à faire_de_NP[ faire du Instrument[ surf ] dans notre paradis des surfeurs.

faire le ménage • Je fais le ménage. • '- I am cleaning up.'

To clean up
Language: fra • Structure: [faire [le ménage]] • LU: ménage
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="Article" name="le"
      cat="Noun" name="ménage"
Examples: Ta bonne refuse de faire_le_ménage[ faire le ménage ] ? • Le texto lui ordonnant de faire_le_ménage[ faire le ménage ] venait d'un plus haut placé. • Pour faire_le_ménage[ faire le ménage ], je n'en ai pas besoin. • Tu cuisines pour moi, faire_le_ménage[ fais le ménage ] pour moi, fais du shopping pour moi. • J' faire_le_ménage[ ai fait le ménage ] sur le yacht.

faire mal à NP • Ça peut faire mal aux dents. • 'This can cause tooth ache.'

To hurt
Language: fra • Structure: [faire mal [à [NP]]] • LU: mal
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="Noun" name="mal"
      cat="Preposition" name="à"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Mais il vaudrait mieux vous faire_mal_à_NP[ faire mal à Patient[ vous-mêmes ] ], que de le souhaiter à l'un de vos semblables. • Cela va faire_mal_à_NP[ faire mal à Patient[ nos commerces ] ], à nos villes et à nos villages. • Espo, et n'est pas peur de faire_mal_à_NP[ faire mal à Patient[ ses sentiments ] ]. • Personne n’essaye de faire_mal_à_NP[ Patient[ me ] faire mal ]. • Ils essayent de faire_mal_à_NP[ faire mal à Patient[ Mike ] ]. • Attention, c'est froid. Ça peut faire_mal_à_NP[ faire mal aux Patient[ dents ] ].

faire VP • Tu me fais rire! • 'You make me laugh!'

To make do/feel smth
Language: fra • Structure: [faire [VP]] • LU: faire
Types: causative | cue:make
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="faire"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Je sais que cette phrase peut faire_VP[ faire Action[ rire ] ], mais je la maintiens. • Vous pouvez faire_VP[ faire Action[ lire ] ] les numéros de téléphone par l'appareil et les rappeler si nécessaire. • Cet embargo commercial continue de faire_VP[ faire Action[ souffrir ] ] les femmes et les enfants cubains. • Ne laisse pas les autres princesses te faire_VP[ faire Action[ pleurer ] ]! • Nous voyons donc là les résultats de tous les efforts réalisés pour faire_VP[ faire Action[ venir ] ] les gens dans la région.

mettre à NP • mettre au service • 'put at the service'

the construction is used when something is used to get a result
Language: fra • Structure: mettre à NP • LU: mettre
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument | light verb | cue:put
Elements:
      cat="Verb" lu="mettre" name="mettre"       cat="Prep" lu="à" name="à"       cat="NP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Cette technique vise mettre_à_NP[ à mettre[ mettre ] à[ au ] Action[ jour ] la vérité ]. • Il faut mettre_à_NP[ mettre[ mettre ] à[ à ] Action[ jour ] ] les données sur la composition des eaux pluviales d`orage. • Il est difficile d`arriver à mettre_à_NP[ mettre[ mettre ] à[ au ] Action[ point ] ] des traitements pour ces maladies. • Je vais appeler Manny pour le mettre_à_NP[ mettre[ mettre ] à[ au ] Action[ courant ] • mettre_à_NP[ mettre[ Mettre ] à[ au ] Action[ monde ] ou mettre_à_NP[ ne pas mettre[ mettre ] à[ au ] Action[ monde ] ] telle est la question

mettre en valeur NP • Le musée mettra en valeur les œuvres d'artistes locaux. • 'The museum will showcase the work of local artists.'

the construction is used to inform that an object adds value to something
Language: fra • Structure: mettre en valeur • LU: valeur
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="mettre"
      cat="Preposition" name="en"
      cat="Noun" name="valeur"
      cat="NP" name="Object" role="Object"
Examples: Cette présentation mettre_en_valeur_NP[ met en valeur Object[ les atouts du produit ] ]. • Chaque année, cet événement mettre_en_valeur_NP[ met en valeur Object[ la richesse de la culture d'un pays en particulier ], favorisant ainsi une meilleure compréhension des nations de l'UE.

NP avoir du mal à VP-INF • Il a du mal à croire • 'He finds it hard to believe'

When it's difficult for a subject to do some action or somebody is having troubles doing some action
Language: fra • Structure: [NP [[avoir [du mal] [à VP-Inf]]] • LU: du mal
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="avoir_du_mal"
      cat="VP_INF" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="Subject" role="Subject"
Examples: De plus, celui-ci pourrait NP_avoir_du_mal_à_VP-INF[ avoir du mal à répondre ] une telle question car elle ne le concerne pas directement. • J’ ] NP_avoir_du_mal_à_VP-INF[ avais du mal à ne pas m’irriter ] en la voyant revenir ainsi sur le passé. • Moi aussi parfois, j' ] NP_avoir_du_mal_à_VP-INF[ ai du mal à croire ] que je suis de retour. • Tu NP_avoir_du_mal_à_VP-INF[ as du mal à effectuer ] des mouvements ou non? • Tu peux alors NP_avoir_du_mal_à_VP-INF[ avoir du mal à rester ] assise pendant une longue période

NP avoir l`air AdjP • Elle a l`air fatigué • 'She looks tired'

This construction means that Experiencery[ somebody ] has the appearance of being State[ in some emotional or physical condition ]
Language: fra • Structure: • LU:
Types: adjective | attitude | evaluation
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="avoir l`air"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="AdjP" name="State" role="State"
Examples: NP_avoir_l'air_Adj[ Experiencer[ Il ] avoir[ avait ] l'air l`air State[ rayonnant ], et il tenait une grosse et grande lettre d'une main, ses lunettes de l'autre. • NP_avoir_l'air_Adj[ Experiencer[ Elle ] a l'air State[ doux et décent ] : mais ma préférence ne lui servira de rien, la pauvre enfant! • Vous êtes bien sévère avec ce bon jeune homme, NP_avoir_l'air_Adj[ Experiencer[ qui ] a l'air State[ si franc et si enjoué ], dit le comte en souriant • NP_avoir_l'air_Adj[ Experiencer[ Il ] avoir_l`air[ avait l'air State[ très satisfait ], et Diane devina à son sourire qu'il méditait quelque sournoiserie. • Puis, NP_avoir_l'air_Adj....[ Experiencer[ il ] avoir_l`air[ a l'air State[ si malheureux ] ].

NP avoir lieu • Les Jeux Olympiques ont lieu au Canada • Olympic games take place in Canada

Some action takes place or occurs in some Place or in some Time
Language: fra • Structure: [NP avoir lieu] • LU: avoir_lieu
Types:
Elements:
      cat="N" lu="lieu" name="lieu"
      cat="Verb" lu="avoir" name="avoir"
      cat="PP" name="PP" role="Place/Time"
      cat="NP" name="Event" role="Event"
Examples: Mais ces changements et engagements doivent avoir[ avoir ] lieu[ lieu ] Place/Time[ maintenant ]. • Et ce meurtre avoir[ a eu ] lieu[ lieu ] Place/Time[ en 1864, à Opotiki ] • Tandis que cette scène se passait au Louvre, une autre du même genre avoir[ avait ] lieu[ lieu ] Place/Time[ à l’hôtel de Guise ]. • Le mariage avoir[ eut ] lieu[ lieu ] Place/Time[ dans l'église Saint-Louis-en-l'Ile ]. • Puis, selon les habitudes d'outre-mer, les présentations avoir[ eurent ] lieu[ lieu ].

NP avoir NP • J`ai soif • 'I get thirsty'

A person experiences some feeling or desire connected with his basic needs
Language: fra • Structure: None • LU: faim
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" lu="avoir" name="avoir"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
Examples: – Comment! ] NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ vous ] avez Stimulus[ faim ] ! cria madame Josserand, outrée. • « NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ J ] 'ai Stimulus[ faim ] !» dit-il. • Le jour où j’avais enterré maman, j’étais très fatigue, et NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ j ] ’avais Stimulus[ sommeil ] ]. • Il avait mal à la tête, il était claqué, NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ il ] avait Stimulus[ soif ]. • – Il dit qu' NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ il ] a Stimulus[ soif ] et qu'il boirait bien un coup, répondit Carmen.

NP avoir NP • J`ai tort! • '- I`m wrong!'

Experiencer[ A person ] is Stimulus[ right or wrong ] about something
Language: fra • Structure: [NP [avoir NP]] • LU: raison|tort
Types: verb argument construction | cue:have
Elements:
      cat="Verb" lu="avoir" name="avoir"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
Examples: Nous sommes dans un pays libre et NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ ils ] ont le droit d'avoir[ avoir ] Stimulus[ tort ].• -Ah! NP_avoir_NP[ Stimulus[ Tu ] veux toujours avoir[ avoir ] Stimulus[ raison ] ], toi • NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ Il ] croyait avoir[ avoir ] Stimulus[ raison ] ] : belle raison • - NP_avoir_NP[ Experiencer[ Madame ] avoir[ a ] Stimulus[ tort ] ], répétait Clara. • J'avoue que je n'y croyais pas trop mais NP_avoir_NP…[ Experiencer[ j' ] avoir[ avais ] Stimulus[ tort].

NP avoir NP • J`ai chaud • 'I`m hot'

Experiencer[ A person ] avoir[ experiences ] Stimulus[ an external feeling of warmth or cold ]
Language: fra • Structure: [NP avoir [NP]] • LU: froid
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" lu="avoir" name="avoir"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
Examples: La personne est en débardeur (et NP_avoir_Adj)[ Experiencer[ elle ] ne semble pas avoir Stimulus[ froid ] • NP_avoir_Adj[ Experiencer[ Tu ] vas avoir Stimulus[ froid ] ! • NP_avoir_Adj[ Experiencer[ Mon frère ] a Stimulus[ froid ] ], nous gelons chez nous. • Le volkameria se portait à merveille; NP_avoir_Adj[ Experiencer[ il ] avait Stimulus[ chaud ] ], et ses racines étaient fraîches. • Au moins, NP_avoir_Adj[ Experiencer[ elle ] aurait Stimulus[ chaud ] ].

NP être au courant de NP • Elle est au courant de toutes les nouvelles • 'She is aware of all the news'

Experiencer[ Someone ] être_au_courant_de[ has all the necessary information about ] Event[ some event or somebody ]
Language: fra • Structure: [NP être au courant [de NP]] • LU: au courant
Types: prepositional
Elements:
      cat="VP" name="être_au_courant_de"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="NP" name="Event" role="Event"
Examples: NP_être_au_courant_de_NP[ Experiencer[ Le jeune homme ] être_au_courant_de[ était trop au courant ] Event[ des affaires de la maison ] pour ne pas sentir qu’une grande catastrophe pesait sur la famille Morrel. • Les noms et adresses de Experiencer[ deux ou trois personnes ] NP_être_au_courant_de_NP[ Experiencer[ qui ] être_au_courant_de[ sont au courant Event[ des accomplissements ] du candidat sont bienvenus • NP_être_au_courant_de_NP[ Experiencer[ Olivier ] être_au_courant_de[ n’était au courant d ] e Event[ rien ] ]. • NP_être_au_courant_de_NP[ Experiencer[ Les trois employés s ] être_au_courant_de[ ont au courant de Event[ leur obligation de servir le public ] dans la langue officielle de son choix. • NP_être_au_courant_de_NP[ Experiencer[ Il ] être_au_courant_de[ est donc au courant Event[ de notre visite chez Papado-poulos ].

NP ou quoi • Tu es con ou quoi? • '- Are you an idiot?'

We use this construction as a rhetorical question when we want to compare the actions of Comparee[ the object ] with some Standard[ other person with prototypical characteristics ]
Language: fra • Structure: [[NP] ou quoi?] • LU: homme
Types: prototypical meaning | comparative
Elements:
      cat="pronom" name="Comparee" role="Comparee"
      cat="pronom" lu="quoi" name="quoi"
      cat="Conj" lu="ou" name="ou"
      cat="Noun" name="Standard" role="Standard"
Examples: NP_ou_quoi[ Comparee[ T ] 'es Standard[ mon ami ] ou quoi[ quoi ] je suis pas sure en fait.. t'aurais pas mis du cyanure dans ma bière? • NP_ou_quoi?[ Mais Comparee[ t ] 'es Standard[ con ] ou quoi[ quoi ] • NP_ou_quoi?[ Comparee[ Vous ] êtes Standardou[ un homme ] quoi[ quoi ]

NP passer pour NP • Il passe pour bourdot • 'He has a reputation of being a fool'

We use this construction to say that Object[ somebody ] Action[ looks like or behave like ] Standard[ someone else in his/her prototypical sense ]
Language: fra • Structure: [NP [passer [pour NP]]] • LU: bourdot
Types: verb | comparative
Elements:
      cat="Verb" lu="passer" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="Standard" role="Standard"
      cat="NP" name="Object" role="Object"
Examples: Cette boutique m'était interdite en tout temps par ma mère, dont la plus grande crainte était de NP_passer_pour_NP[ Object[ me ] voir Action[ passer ] pour Standard[ une marchande ] ]. • NP_passer_pour_NP[ Object[ Elle ] aurait pu Action[ passer ] pour Standard[ une femme pressée ] ], avec son tailleur charnel et son walkwoman • NP_passer_pour_NP...[ Object[ Je ] pourrais me faire Action[ passer ] pour Standard[ une cliente Est-ce comme cela qu'on dit ]? • Object[ Lui ], céda, puis recommença, craignant de NP_passer_pour_NP[ Action[ passer ] pour Standard[ un imbécile ] • Il est préférable de garder le silence et de NP_passer_pour_NP[ Action[ passer ] pour Standard[ un idiot ]

prendre NP au sérieux • vous ne me prenez pas au sérieux • 'you don`t take me seriously'

the construction is used when someone does or does not take something or someone seriously
Language: fra • Structure: prendre [NP] au sérieux • LU: sérieux
Types:
Elements:
      cat="V" role="Action"
Examples: vous prendre_NP_au_sérieux[ ne me prenez pas au sérieux ] • il prendre_NP_au_sérieux[ prend tout au sérieux ] • il prendre_NP_au_sérieux[ prend des blagues au sérieux ]

prendre NP •

we use this construction to explain an action of having a drink
Language: fra • Structure: [prendre [NP]] • LU: thé
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="prendre" role="Action"
Examples: Ce matin j`ai prendre_NP[ pris 10 tasses du café ]. • Est-ce que tu veux prendre_NP[ prendre du thé ]? • Ma grand-mère prendre_NP[ ne prend pas le café ] • Car cet endroit doit servir à prendre_NP[ prendre un thé ou un café ] • Nous ne voulons pas voir des gens prendre_NP[ prendre un thé ] à Toronto.

prendre NP • prendre un taxi • 'to take a taxi'

we use this construction to explain an action of using any kind of transport[ transport ]
Language: fra • Structure: [prendre [NP]] • LU: métro
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="prendre" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="transport" role="Theme"
Examples: Si vous ne souhaitez pas prendre_NP[ prendre un taxi prendre_NP[ prendre le Bus 32 ] • Les passagers peuvent également louer une voiture ou prendre_NP[ prendre un taxi ] • J'habite le quartier du Bronx, et je dois prendre_NP[ prendre un métro et un bus ] pour aller à Manhattan. • Vous pouvez également prendre_NP[ prendre le métro ] • On aurait préféré prendre_NP[ prendre un bus ]

prendre part à NP •

the construction is used to describe taking part in an event
Language: fra • Structure: [prendre part à [NP]] • LU: conversation
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Ils pourront prendre_part_à_NP[ prendre part à vos débats ] en tant qu'observateurs actifs. • Après de nombreuses décennies, mon pays a l`occasion de prendre_part_à_NP[ prendre part à la formation de la politique européenne et mondiale ] • Monsieur le Président, j`ai le plaisir de prendre_part_à_NP[ prendre part à ce débat sur la sécurité aérienne ] • L`Égypte a également été invitée à prendre_part_à_NP[ prendre part à la réunion ] • Laquelle des langues suivantes parlez-vous suffisamment bien pour prendre_part_à_NP[ prendre part à une conversation ]?

quel NP • Quel bonheur! • 'How wonderful!/What a joy!'

We use this construction to quel[ intensify ] quelle Evaluation[ the emotion ] (NP) that we feel
Language: fra • Structure: [quel NP] • LU: honte
Types: intensification
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
      cat="Adj" lu="quel" name="quel|quelle"
Examples: Mais quel_NP[ quelle horreur ] elle ne me sentait pas non plus, et s'éloigna de moi sans que je puisse la retenir. • quel_NP[ Quelle honte ] que cela se déroule au centre de l'Europe. • quel_NP[ Quelle honte ] et quel_NP[ quelle hypocrisie ] de la part du secrétaire parlementaire d'intervenir pour nous accuser de ne rien faire. • quel_NP[ Quel dommage ], disait Talleyrand, après avoir entendu une diatribe de Napoléon • Mais quand il me l'a montré, je lui ai dit " quel_NP[ Quelle horreur ]!

quelqu'un de AdjP-AdvP • Il est quelqu`un du bien! • 'He is a good man'

We use this construction when we want to Evaluation[ evaluate some moral characteristics ] of quelqu`un_de[ a person ]
Language: fra • Structure: [NP [VP quelqu'un de [AdjP|AdvP]]] • LU: mal
Types: evaluation | topicalization
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="quelqu`un_de" role="Object"
      cat="AdjP|AdvP" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
Examples: Selon le mot de la pipelette, elle a rencontré quelqu'un_de_AdjP-AdvP[ quelqu`un_de[ quelqu'un de Evaluation[ bien ] • À leur contact, j'ai l'impression d'être quelqu'un_de_AdjP-AdvP[ quelqu`un_de[ quelqu'un de Evaluation[ normal ] • Peut-il exister sur Terre quelqu'un_de_AdjP-AdvP[ quelqu`un_de[ quelqu'un de Evaluation[ plus sage ] que Dieu? • Ça prend quelqu'un_de_AdjP-AdvP[ quelqu`un_de[ quelqu'un de Evaluation[ très spécial ] pour devenir éducateur dans un centre de la petite enfance ou une garderie. • Le fait que j'ai épousé quelqu'un_de_AdjP-AdvP[ quelqu`un_de[ quelqu'un de Evaluation[ célèbre ] ne signifie pas que mes valeurs fondamentales ont changé.

rendre visite à NP • Je rends visite à lui. • '- I visit him.'

to visit someone
Language: fra • Structure: [rendre visite à [NP]] • LU: visite
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" name="rendre"
      cat="Noun" name="visite"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
Examples: Agent[ Nous ] rendre_visite_à_NP[ rendre[ venons de rendre ] visite[ visite ] au Experiencer[ chef traditionnel ] et faisons maintenant part de notre arrivée à la ville. • Agent[ Il ] rendre_visite_à_NP[ rendre[ rend ] visite[ visite ] aux Experiencer[ prisonniers ] et lance des actions en justice à l'encontre de ceux qui violent les droits de l'homme. • 1953 Agent[ Elsa Ardissono, sa seule nièce ], rendre_visite_à_NP[ Experiencer[ lui ] rendre[ rend ] visite[ visite ] et lui demande d'aller voir sa mère qui est gravement malade. • Agent[ Un enfant ] sur quatre rendre_visite_à_NP[ rendre[ rend ] visite[ visite ] à Experiencer[ son père ] de façon sporadique et 15 p. 100 ne le voient jamais. • Agent[ Un ange ] rendre_visite_à_NP[ rendre[ rend ] visite[ visite ] à Experiencer[ Marie ] et l'invite à devenir la Mère du Fils de Dieu.

reussir à VP-INF • Nous devons réussir à faire le ménage. • 'We must clean up.'

To succeed in
Language: fra • Structure: [reussir [à [VP]]] • LU: reussir à
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Verb" name="reussir"
      cat="Preposition" name="à"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Comme l’a dit Churchill, nous devons reussir_à_VP-INF[ réussir à Action[ faire ] ce qui est nécessaire. • Écoute, on va... reussir_à_VP-INF[ réussir à Action[ passer ] tout ça. • Chaque tradition religieuse, à l’intérieur d’elle-même, doit reussir_à_VP-INF[ réussir à Action[ rendre ] ] compte de l’existence de l’autre. • L’égalité des chances pour reussir_à_VP-INF[ réussir à Action[ maintenir ] la cohésion sociale. • Le rapport reussir_à_VP-INF[ réussit à Action[ expliquer ] en détail bon nombre des éléments clés de ce problème d'inégalité.

se rendre compte [de NP] | [CONJ CL] • Je me rends compte de quelque chose • 'I am aware of something'

1) Cognizer takes into account some Information that will affect his further behaviour. The Information can be either new to the Cognizer, either it was accessible to him before, but was neglected by him. 2) Cognizer understands some Information.
Language: fra • Structure: [se rendre compte de [NP]] • LU: se rendre
Types: predicate-argument construction | aspekt
Elements:
      cat="Noun" lu="compte" name="compte"
      cat="de NP|que CL|si CL" name="Information" role="Information"
      cat="VP" name="se_rendre"
      cat="NP" name="Cognizer" role="Cognizer"
Examples: Mais il faudrait se_rendre[ se rendre compte[ compte ] du Information[ fait que la raison principale du séjour est le travail en tant qu'aide familial résident et non les études ] • Cognizer[ On ] se_rendre[ se rend compte[ compte ] d'une Information[ déshydratation souvent trop tard ]. • Cognizer[ Il ] se_rendre[ se rend compte[ compte qu' ] Information[ il peut se déplacer dans sa collectivité beaucoup plus rapidement avec l'aide de Quill ]. • Finalement, Cognizer[ elle ] se_rendre[ se rend compte[ compte qu' ] Information[ elle doit reprendre le contrôle de sa vie et retourne dans son village ]. • Cognizer[ Il ] se_rendre[ se rend compte[ compte ] aussi de Information[ ce ] qui ne va pas dans le monde.

se mettre à VP-INF •

the construction describes the start of an Action[ action ]
Language: fra • Structure: [[se mettre à][VP-INF]] • LU: faire
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="mettre" role="Action"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
Examples: Il [s'est mis à] se_mettre_à _VP-INF peindre ce tableau à cinquante ans • Je vais [me mettre à danser] se_mettre_à _VP-INF • Quand vas-tu [te mettre à étudier] se_mettre_à _VP-INF? • Il [s'est mis à travailler] se_mettre_à _VP-INF.

se mettre à NP • se mettre à table • 'to sit down to eat'

the construction s used to define an action of placing oneself somewhere to do something what is usially done there
Language: fra • Structure: [se mettre à [NP]] • LU: piano
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="mettre" role="Action"
Examples: Il est temps de se_mettre_à_NP[ se mettre au lit ] • Je se_mettre_à_NP[ me mets au piano ]tous les soirs, et je chante pour lui • On aura qu'à se_mettre_à_NP[ se mettre à table ] sans tes amis et toi.

se trouver Adv • Je me trouve bien • 'I feel myself good'

To feel oneself somehow
Language: fra • Structure: [se trouver [Adv]] • LU: trouver
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="Pronoun" name="se"
      cat="Verb" name="trouver"
      cat="Adv" name="Evaluation" role="Evaluation"
Examples: Je crois qu'elle va se_trouver_Adv[ se trouver Evaluation[ mal ] ]. • Juste avant de se_trouver_Adv[ se trouver Evaluation[ mal ] ], il mangeait du chocolat qu'Adebisi lui avait donné. • Pas un seul Européen, pas un seul, ne se_trouver_Adv[ se trouvera Evaluation[ mieux ] financièrement cette année que l'année dernière. • Quand un ou les deux les combattants sont accidentés ou ils se_trouver_Adv[ se trouvent Evaluation[ mal ] ]. • Il va se_trouver_Adv[ se trouver Evaluation[ bien ] demain.

tenir [sa promesse|sa parole|ses engagements] • Le gouvernement doit tenir ses engagements environnementaux. • 'The government must start start meeting its environmental commitments.'

The Agent does what he/she promised to do.
Language: fra • Structure: [tenir [sa parole|sa promesse|ses engagements]] • LU: engagemant
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="VP" lu="tenir" name="tenir"
      cat="NP" name="parole"
      cat="NP" name="promesse"
      cat="NP" lu="engagement" name="engagements"
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
Examples: Notre souci est tout autre : nous cherchons à savoir si Agent[ un État ] est suffisamment motivé pour tenir[ tenir ] engagements[ ses engagements ] • Agent[ L'Iran ] a échoué à tenir[ tenir ] engagements[ ses engagements ] aux termes des Accords de Sauvegarde • Agent[ Il ] doit tenir[ tenir ] parole[ sa parole ] et montrer qu'il indemnisera les élèves de ces écoles afin que les discours d'hier inaugurent une nouvelle ère dans les relations du Canada avec les peuples autochtones. • Je demande au Agent[ premier ministre ] de tenir[ tenir ] promesse[ sa promesse ] de créer des emplois en réduisant les taux d'intérêts, pour ainsi remettre les Canadiens au travail. • Il faut l'admettre, Agent[ l'État ] providence de l'après-guerre tenir[ n'a jamais complètement tenu ] promesse[ sa promesse ] de sécurité économique.

tenir à INF • Je tenais à faire beaucoup de choses. • '- I wanted to do many things.'

1) Experiencer would like to do something. 2) Agent aspires to do something.
Language: fra • Structure: [tenir à [INF]] • LU: tenir à
Types:
Elements:
      cat="VP" msd="Verb" Type="Infenitive" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="VP" name="tenir_à"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="NP" name="Agnet" role="Agent"
Examples: Experiencer[ Je ] tenir_à_INF[ tenir_à[ tiens à Action[ dire ] à la Chambre combien toutes ces perspectives l'excitent • Agnet[ L'Europe ] tenir_à_INF[ tenir_à[ tient à Action[ devenir ] un acteur mondial ]. • Agnet[ L'Etat ] tenir_à_INF[ tenir_à[ tient à Action[ résoudre ] ce problème en partenariat avec les investisseurs privés ]. • Et Experiencer[ je ] tenir_à_INF[ tenir_à[ tiens à Action[ commencer ] par une question qui me tracasse depuis que j'ai découvert vos oeuvres ]. • Voilà, Madame le Président, trois remarques que Experiencer[ je ] tenir_à_INF[ tenir_à[ tenais à Action[ faire ] ].

tomber amoureux de NP • Il y a quelques années, il est tombé amoureux d`une collègue de travail, une jeune Canadienne. • 'Some years ago he fell in love with his colleague'

To fall in love with someone or something, to become attracted to something
Language: fra • Structure: [tomber amoureux [de NP]] • LU: amoureux
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="tomber" name="tomber"
      cat="Adj" lu="amoureux" name="amoureux"
      cat="NP" name="Stimulus" role="Stimulus"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Patient[ Je ] tomber_amoureux_de_NP[ tomber[ suis tombé ] amoureux[ amoureux ] du Stimulus[ pays amoureux de NP ] et j'y retourne régulièrement depuis. • Patient[ Je ] tomber_amoureux_de_NP[ tomber[ suis tombé ] amoureux[ amoureux ] de Stimulus[ cette langue amoureux de NP ] que je ne comprenais pas mais qui me faisait rire. • Patient[ Fédia ] tomber_amoureux_de_NP[ tomber[ est tombé ] amoureux[ amoureuse ] Stimulus[ du fils des voisins Mohamed Mokded ] depuis qu'elle était lycéenne, en terminale. • Alors jeune adolescente, Patient[ Sayeh Sangoul ] tomber_amoureux_de_NP[ tomber[ est tombé ] amoureux[ amoureuse ] des Stimulus[ vieux bijoux antiques ] ], surtout des bracelets à breloques. • Patient[ Nous ] tomber_amoureux_de_NP[ tomber[ sommes tombée ] amoureux[ amoureuse ] de Patient[ ce sac ] au premier coup d'oeil.

tomber malade • Son père est tombé malade : il se sentait faible et avait une forte fièvre. • 'His father got sick, he feels himself very weak and has a fever'

Patient falls sick
Language: fra • Structure: [Patient [tomber malade]] • LU: malade
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="V" lu="tomber" name="tomber" role="Event"
      cat="Adj" lu="malade" name="malade" role="State"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Un jour, Patient[ mon fils ] tomber_malade[ est tombé malade ] et il m'a laissée seule avec lui • Il a ressenti de la fatigue et Patient[ il ] tomber_malade[ est tomber[ tombé ] malade[ malade ] à l'été de 1999 ou 2000 • Lorsque Patient[ les femmes ] tomber_malade[ tomber[ tombent ] malade[ malades ] ], elles sont plus susceptibles que les hommes de subir l’ostracisme de la communauté une fois leur statut de contaminées par le VIH connu • Il y a plus de clarté concernant les droits Patient[ des personnes ] qui tomber_malade[ tomber[ tombent ] malade[ malades ] à l'étranger. • Les études ne cessent de montrer que Patient[ les gens pauvres ] sont plus susceptibles de tomber_malade[ tomber[ tomber ] malade[ malades ], de subir des blessures et de mourir de façon prématurée.

Italian Constructicon

Team: Matvey Kolbasov, Kristina Bagdasaryan, Irina Pavlova, Natalia Akutina

Non fare complimenti • loro non facevano complimenti

Imperative construction means that someone should stop being shy, need to relax and make him/herself at home -- feel comfortable
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [non fare [complimenti] • LU: fare
Types: verb | negation | imperative
Elements:
      cat="NP" lu="complimenti" name="complimenti"
      lu="non" name="non"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
Examples: Ma loro Non_fare_complimenti[ non facevano complimenti ]: durante l'arresto uno della banda aveva una pistola sotto il cambio, e chi si opponeva alla rapine era minacciato, sequestrato, picchiato.

NP [essere/diventare] di grido • non tutti gli attori di grido • not all actors are famous

PP-expression which means trendy and famous or verbal expression which means that someone is or becomes famous
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP [di grido]]] • LU: grigodi
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument | existential
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="NP"
      cat="Conj" name="di"
      cat="NP" name="grido"
      cat="NP" name="Benificiary" role="Benificiary"
      lu="essere, diventare, -stare, -andare, -finire" name="VP"
Examples: Non NP[ tutti gli attori ] di[ di ] grido[ grido ] vanno in vacanza in resort di lusso • NP[ I cantanti ] di[ di ] grido[ grido ] sono ricchi e snob • Benificiary[ Non molti stilisti ] VP[ diventano ] di[ di ] grido[ grido ].

NP allungare le mani su NP • John allunga le mani su Mary • 'John is a groper or John beats Mary (lit. John stretches the hands on Mary)'

Verbal expression which means that someone beats somebody
Language: ita • Structure: [[NP] [allungare [le mani [su [NP]]]]] • LU: mani
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="allungare" name="allungare"
      cat="NP" name="mani"
      cat="PP" name="su"
      cat="NP" name="Possessee" role="Possessee"
Examples: E quando Agent[ qualcuno ] allungare[ allunga ] mani[ le mani ] mani[ su ] Possessee[ questa serva ] tu non te ne accorgi nemmeno • Ma il ragazzo dice che Agent[ si ] è rifiutato di allungare[ allungare ] mani[ le mani ] su[ su ] Possessee[ Jacko ] • Agent[ Lui ] allungare[ aveva allungato ] mani[ le mani ] su[ su ] Possessee[ una ragazza ] • Egli ha detto „guarda che Agent[ il segretario ] allungare[ ha allungato ] mani[ le mani ] su[ su ] Possessee![ mio figlio ] “.• Ha cominciato a parlare di Agent[ questo ragazzo ] che allungare[ ha allungato ] mani[ le mani ] su[ su ] Possessee[ lui ].

NP allungare le mani VP/NP • John allungava le mani e rubava tutto • 'John stretched out his hands and stole everything'

Verbal expression which means that someone is a shoplifter
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [allungare le mani [NP]]] • LU: mani
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="allungare"
      cat="NP" name="mani"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Agent[ La commissione regionale ] allungare[ ha allungato ] mani[ le mani sui ] Theme[ fondi europei ] • Agent[ Chi ] allungare[ ha allungato ] mani[ le mani ] sulla Theme[ torta ]? • Agent[ La mafia ] allungare[ ha allungato ] mani[ le mani sui ] Theme[ fondi ] per lo sviluppo della pesca.

NP apparecchiare/sparecchiare la tavola • apparecchiare la tavola per tre • 'set the table for three'

This construction means that Agent[ some person ] places dished on the table before eating / to remove it after eating
Language: ita • Structure: [NP][apparecchiare/sparecchiare [la tavola]] • LU: sparecchiare
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="apparecchiare" name="apparecchiare"
      cat="VP" lu="sparecchiare" name="sparecchiare"
      cat="NP" lu="tavola" name="tavola"
Examples: Agent[ Io ] ho sparecchiare[ sparecchiato ] tavola[ la tavola ] e ho buttato nella spazzatura tutto ciò • Agent[ Francesca ] sparecchiare[ sparecchia ] tavola[ le tavole ], mette tutte le stoviglie utilizzate in lavastoviglie • Agent[ Mia madre ], mai ferma, sparecchiare[ sparecchia ] tavola[ la tavola ] di pentole piatti e bicchieri • Agent[ Io ] preparo la cena, apparecchiare[ apparecchio ] apparecchiare[ la tavola ].

NP arrivare NP a NP • Mio fratello mi arrivava alla spalla • 'My brother is high as my shoulder'

This construction means that Agent[ some subject or object ] is as tall as Item[ something ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP][arrivare [a NP]] • LU: arrivare
Types: comparative
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="arrivare" name="arrivare"
      lu="a" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="Item" role="Item"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Agent[ Gianni ] ha solo dieci anni e Theme[ mi ] arrivare[ arriva ] già Item[ alla vita ] • Al centro del lago Agent[ l'acqua ] Theme[ mi ] arrivare[ arriva ] Item[ alle spalle ] • Agent[ Bonny ] è un cane di piccola taglia, Theme[ ti ] arrivare[ arriva ] al massimo Item[ alle ginocchiа ] • Mio fratello è molto alto, Agent[ io ] Theme[ gli ] arrivare[ arrivo ] a malapena Item[ alle spalle ]

NP aspettare un bambino • lei aspetta un bambino • 'she is expecting a baby'

This construction means that Subject[ mother ] or Subject[ parents ] expect a baby
Language: ita • Structure: [NP][aspettare [un bambino]] • LU: bambino
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Subject" role="Subject"
      cat="VP" lu="aspettare" name="aspettare"
      cat="NP" lu="bambino" name="bambino"
Examples: Lo sai che Subject[ io ] aspettare[ aspetto ] bambino?[ un bambino ] • Subject[ Simona, mia moglie ], aspettare[ aspetta ] bambino[ un bambino ] • Subject[ Lei ] ha un fidanzato che non ama, ma dal quale aspettare[ aspetta ] bambino[ un bambino ].

NP attaccare-Pass a gonnella di NP • Tom è attaccato alla gonnella della mamma • 'Tom is attached to his mother’s skirt'

Verbal expression which means that somebody is attached to someone (who is an important person for him and plays a big role in his life) in a bad way, depends on him; expresses the character not an action (nowadays used by old people mostly)
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [attaccare [a [gonnella [di mamma]]]]] • LU: gonnella
Types: passiv | verb argument construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP, pass" name="attaccare"
      cat="Conj" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="gonnella"
      cat="Conj" name="di"
      aux="important for the experiencer person: mother, parents, boss" cat="NP, anim" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Experiencer[ Le tue cugine ] attaccare[ sono sempre attaccate ] a[ alla ] gonnella[ gonnella ] di[ della ] loro Theme[ mamma ] • Experiencer[ Lui ] è libero da quella limitazione che attaccare[ è stare attaccato ] a[ alla ] gonnella[ gonnella ] di[ dei ] Theme[ genitori ] • L´Italia sarebbe una nazione di trans! Experiencer[ La gente ] attaccare[ rimane attaccata ] a[ alle ] gonnella[ gonnelle ] di[ della ] Theme[ mamma ] per tanto tempo.

NP avere faccia tosta • avere una faccia tosta • 'to have an arrogant face'

This construction means that Experiencer[ someone ] has faccia_tosta[ an arrogant, tough face ].
Language: ita • Structure: [[NP][VP [faccia tosta]]] • LU: avuto
Types: adjective
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" name="avere"
      cat="NP" name="faccia_tosta"
Examples: Experiencer[ Ha ] avere[ avuto ] faccia_tosta[ la faccia tosta ]. • Experiencer[ Avrebbero ] avere[ avuto ] faccia_tosta[ la faccia tosta ] di dare la colpa di nuovo a Materazzi.

NP avere i grilli in testa • Maria aveva i grilli in testa • 'Maria is detached from reality / is dreamy'

Verbal expression which means that someone is detached from reality
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP i grilli in testa]] • LU: avere
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" lu="*prendere\*perdere" name="avere"
      cat="NP" name="grilli"
      cat="PP" name="in"
      cat="NP" name="testa"
Examples: Il detto che Theme[ io ] avere[ ho ] grilli[ grilli ] in[ in ] testa[ testa ] significa avere idee folli, bizzarro, in genere non è fattibile • - Che ne dici di quel Theme[ ragazzo ] ?- - Mah, ha i capelli lunghi, è sempre in giro, avere[ ha ] grilli[ troppi grilli] in[ in ] testa[ testa ].

NP avere\perdere il polso della situazione • John aveva il polso della situazione • 'John follows the situation'

An expression which means that someone follows the situation
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP il polso della situazione]] • LU: perdere
Types: prepositional construction | verbal construction
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="*prendere" name="avere\perdere"
      cat="NP" name="polso"
      cat="PP" name="della"
      cat="NP" name="situazione"
Examples: Agent[ Ha ] avere\perdere[ avuto ] polso[ il polso ] della[ della ] situazione[ situazione ] • Agent[ L'amministrazione scolastica ] avere\perdere[ non ha ] polso[ il polso ] della[ della ] situazione[ situazione ] • Eppure chi meglio di Agent[ te ] avere\perdere[ ha ] polso[ il polso ] della[ della ] situazione[ situazione ] e chi meglio di te sa qual è lo stato d'animo • Agent[ Si ] rischia di avere\perdere[ perdere ] polso[ il polso ] della[ della ] situazione[ situazione ] • Agent[ Governo ] avere\perdere[ ha perso ] polso[ il polso ] della[ della ] situazione[ situazione ] nel settore di guida dei treni

NP avere\prendere una cotta per NP • Lui preseuna cotta per Maria • 'He had got a crush on Maria'

Verbal expression which means that someone have a crush on somebody
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP una cotta per [NP]]] • LU: avere
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="*perdere" name="avere\prendere"
      cat="ConjP" name="una"
      cat="NP" name="cotta"
      cat="PP" name="per"
      cat="NP" name="Possessee" role="Possessee"
Examples: Experiencer[ Lei ] avere\prendere[ ha ] una[ una ] cotta[ cotta ] per[ per ] Possessee[ David Beckham ] • Credi che Experiencer[ io ] avere\prendere[ abbia ] una[ una ] cotta[ cotta ] per[ per ] Possessee[ lui ], o cose del genere? • Credo che Experiencer[ il tuo caro amico ] avere\prendere[ abbia ] una[ una ] cotta[ cotta ] per[ per ] Possessee[ me ] e faccia di tutto per allontanarci • Dottor Xavier, in questa occasione Experiencer[ si ] avere\prendere[ prende ] una[ una ] cotta[ cotta ] per[ per ] Possessee[ Jean Grey ] • Experiencer[ Bart ] avere\prendere[ prende ] una[ una ] cotta[ cotta ] per[ per ] Possessee[ la nuova vicina di casa ].

NP buttare giù NP • buttare giù la pasta • 'to put pasta in boiling water'

This constructions means that some subject puts (throws down) something
Language: ita • Structure: [NP][ buttare giù[NP]] • LU: buttare
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="buttare_giù"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
      cat="VP" name="buttare_giù_2"
      cat="VP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Detta la sua Agent[ il premier ] buttare_giù[ ha buttato giù Patient[ il telefono ] • Mise a scaldare la carne col forno a microonde e, al momento giusto, ] buttare_giù[ buttò giù Patient[ la pasta ] • Ne approfitteranno per buttare_giù_2[ buttare giù Theme[ qualche birra tedesca ].

NP cadere da nuvole [quando VP] • Lui è caduto dalle nuvole quando gli ho raccontato ciò • 'He was shocked when I told him about it'

This construction expresses that Experiencer[ someone ] was surprised Cause[ at something unexpected. ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [cadere [dalle [nuvole]]] [quando VP] • LU: raccontare
Types: verb | adjective
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="cadere" name="cadere"
      cat="PP" lu="da" name="dalle"
      cat="NP" lu="nuvola" msd="PL" name="nuvole"
      cat="PP" lu="quando" name="quando"
      cat="VP" name="Cause" role="Cause"
Examples: Experiencer[ Il consigliere ] cadere[ cade ] dalle_nuvolle[ dalle[ dalle ] nuvole[ nuvole ] e risponde di no. • Al quartier generale di Experiencer[ Giuseppe Parroncini ] cadere[ cadono ] dalle_nuvolle[ dalle[ dalle ] nuvole[ nuvole ] Cause[ quando[ quando ] si fa presente che circola questa falsa notizia. • Experiencer[ Federico Berruti ] non sembra assolutamente cadere[ cadere ] dalle_nuvolle[ dalle[ dalle ] nuvole[ nuvole ] Cause[ quando[ quando ] sente parlare di episodi di bullismo.

NP dare il seno [a NP] • dare il seno a un lattante • 'to give the breast to a child'

This construction means that subject (mother) gives the breast to someone (its child)
Language: ita • Structure: [NP[dare [il seno] [a NP]]] • LU: bimbo
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="dare" name="dare"
      cat="NP" lu="seno" name="seno"
      cat="NP, animate" name="Beneficiary" role="Beneficiary"
      cat="a" lu="PP" name="a"
Examples: Agent[ Una donna ] dare[ dà ] seno[ il seno ] a[ al ] Beneficiary[ bimbo più grande ]. • Agent[ Io ] non ho mai avuto problemi a dare[ dare ] seno[ il seno ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ mia figlia ] in pubblico e non li avrei • Agent[ La madre ] dare[ dà ] seno[ il seno ] a[ al ] Beneficiary[ bambino ] dopo una fase di frustrazione.

NP dare un taglio a NP • dare un taglio a qc • 'to stop something in a harsh way'

This constructions means that Experiencer[ some subject or group of subjects ] stop Theme[ something ] in a harsh way. Usually it's about bad habits, relationships
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [dare [un taglio] [a NP]]] • LU: problema
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="dare_un_taglio" name="dare_un_taglio"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      lu="a" name="a"
Examples: Avevo bisogno di dare_un_taglio[ dare un taglio a Theme[ quel passato difficile ] • Tutto torna come prima Sarebbe ora di dare_un_taglio[ dare un taglio a Theme[ questa situazione ]. • In questo modo dare_un_taglio[ darete un taglio a[ a ] Theme[ malumori e rancori ]. • Signori politici, vogliamo dare_un_taglio[ darci un taglio a[ a ] Theme[ questo problema ] a Milano

NP dare una mano a NP • cerchiamo di dare una mano a chi ha problemi • 'we try to give a hand to those who have problems'

This construction means that someone helps someone else.
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [dare [una mano] [a NP]]] • LU: dare
Types: verb | aspekt
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="dare" name="dare"
      cat="NP" lu="una_mano" name="una_mano"
      cat="PP" lu="a" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="Recipient" role="Recipient"
Examples: Agent[ Il mercato e il governo ] dare[ danno ] una_mano[ una mano a[ a ] Recipient[ chi ] vuole cambiare mutuo • Però Agent[ ci ] può dare[ dare ] una_mano[ una mano a[ a ] Recipient[ capire alcune cose ] • E´ ovvio che cerchiamo di dare[ dare ] una_mano[ una mano a[ a ] Recipient[ chi ] ha problemi.

NP dirne di tutti i colori • noi possiamo dirne di tutti i colori • 'we could say a lot of bad/offensive things'

This constrution means that Agent[ someone ] said a lot of unpleasant things to someone else (may be without purpose).
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [dirne [di [tutti i colori]]]] • LU: dirne
Types: verb | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="dirne" name="dirne"
      cat="PP" lu="di" name="di"
      cat="NP, plural" lu="tutto" name="tutti"
      name="dirne_di_tutti_i_colori"
      cat="NP, plural" lu="colore" name="colori"
Examples: Agent[ Un famoso calciatore andassero su AL Jazeera ] a dirne_di_tutti_i_colori[ dirne[ dirne ] di[ di ] tutti[ tutti ] colori[ i colori ] su Al Qaeda • Agent[ Quegli stessi ] che ebbero a dirne_di_tutti_i_colori[ dirne[ dirne ] di[ di ] tutti[ tutti ] colori[ i colori ] a Di Pietro

NP divertirsi un mondo • giurano di divertirsi un mondo • 'they swear they have a great time'

This construction means that Agent[ some person or group of people ] to have a wonderful time
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [divertirsi [un mondo]]] • LU: divertirsi
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="divertirsi" name="divertirsi"
      cat="NP" lu="mondo" name="mondo"
Examples: Quando Luca è con il nonno Agent[ si ] divertirsi_un_mondo[ divertirsi[ diverte ] sempre mondo[ un mondo ] • Eri siamo andati a fare un picnic al lago con lo zio e ci Agent[ siamo ] divertirsi_un_mondo[ divertirsi[ divertiti ] mondo[ un mondo ]

NP essere a altezza di NP • Mark è all’altezza di Mary • 'Mark is Mary’s equal in every way' • 'lit. Mark is at the height of Mary'

Comparison expression which means that somebody or something is of the same level as somebody or something or meets the requirvements of something
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [ essere [ a [altezza [di [NP] ] ] ] ] ] • LU: di
Types: comparative
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Comparee" role="Comparee"
      cat="VP" name="essere"
      cat="Conj" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="altezza"
      cat="Conj" name="di"
      cat="NP" name="Item" role="Item"
Examples: Comparee[ La mia autostima corporea ] essere[ è ] a[ alle ] altezza[ altezze ] di[ di ] Standard[ quella del defunto Marty Feldman ] • Per a[ essere ] a[ all ] ' ] altezza[ altezza ] di[ di ] Standard[ questa sfida ] richiede il coinvolgimento di professionisti • Mi scusi se Comparee[ mi ] essere[ non sono ] a[ all ] ' ] altezza[ altezza ] di[ della ] Item[ tua professionalità ].

NP essere a frutta • le Forze armate sono alla frutta • 'the armed forces have reacehd their limits'

Experiencer[ something or someone ] reached the limits
Language: ita • Structure: [[NP][essere [alla frutta]]] • LU: soldi
Types: prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" name="essere"
      cat="NP" name="alla_frutta"
Examples: Cala il potere di acquisto degli stipendi. essere[ Siamo ] alla_frutta?[ alla frutta ] • Experiencer[ L'Inverno 2013 ] essere[ sarà ] alla_frutta[ alla frutta ].

NP essere di stessa razza di NP • Mark è della stessa razza di Mary • 'Mark and Mary behave in a similar way' • 'lit. Mark is of the same race of Mary'

Comparison expression which means that somebody has a lot in common with (behaves in a similar way, etc.)
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [essere [di [stressa razza]] [di [NP] ] ]] • LU: razza
Types: comparative
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Comparee" role="Comparee"
      cat="VP" name="essere"
      cat="Conj" name="di"
      cat="Pron" name="stessa"
      cat="NP" name="razza"
      cat="NP" name="Standard" role="Standard"
Examples: Comparee[ Quel leader politico ] essere[ é ] di[ della ] stessa[ stessa ] razza[ razza ] di[ di ] ] Standard[ Giovanni Giolitti ] e di[ di ] Standard[ Luigi Einaudi ] • Comparee[ Lui ] é stato chiamato figlio di[ della ] stessa[ stessa ] razza[ razza ] di[ di ] Standard[ Kerouac ] • Se vi offendete per quello che ho scritto, significa che sie ] Comparee[ te ] di[ della ] stessa[ stessa ] razza[ razza ] di[ di ] Standard[ quelli di cui ho scritto ].

NP essere/andare a settimo cielo • Mark è al settimo cielo • 'Mark is very happy' • 'on the seventh sky'

Expression which means that somebody is very happy
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [VP [a [settimo cielo] ] ] ] • LU: sielo
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      lu="essere, andare, -finire" name="VP"
      cat="Conj" name="a"
      cat="Adj" name="settimo"
      cat="NP" name="cielo"
Examples: Experiencer[ Giorgia ] VP[ è ] a[ al ] settimo[ settimo ] cielo[ cielo ], perché ha realizzato un sogno • Experiencer[ Gli appassionati ] VP[ vanno ] a[ al ] settimo[ settimo ] cielo[ cielo ] a causa di il secondo album • Experiencer[ Emanuele ] VP[ è ] a[ al ] settimo[ settimo ] cielo[ cielo dopo la dichiarazione d´amore di Viola ].

NP essere\diventare di successo • Quel talk show diventa di successo • 'That talk show becomes successful'

Verbial expression which means that something is successful
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP di successo]] • LU: successo
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" lu="*stare\*andare\*finire" name="essere\diventare"
      cat="PP" name="di"
      cat="NP" name="successo"
Examples: Theme[ La storia ] sembra essere\diventare[ essere ] di[ di ] successo[ successo ]• Se il messaggio è veicolato da un gioco, Theme[ il gioco ] deve essere\diventare[ essere ] di[ di ] successo[ successo ] • Theme[ Non tutte le esperienze ] essere\diventare[ sono ] di[ di ] successo[ successo ] però • In breve Theme[ il suo nome ] essere\diventare[ diventa ] di[ di ] successo[ successo ] • Theme[ Le donne ] che essere\diventare[ diventano ] di[ di ] successo[ successo ].

NP essere\stare\andare\finire in depressione • Max stava in depressione • 'Max was in depression'

Verbal expression which means that someone went into depression
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP in depressione]] • LU: finire
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="stare\andare\finire\*diventare" name="essere"
      cat="PP" name="in"
      cat="NP" name="depressione"
Examples: Experiencer[ L'intero condotto ] deve essere[ essere ] in[ in ] depressione[ depressione ], in tiraggio • Experiencer[ Non ] essere[ sono ] in[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] • Risposta di politica economica anticiclica quando Experiencer[ il ciclo ] essere[ è ] in[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] • Experiencer[ Si ] puo' stare male, essere[ andare ] in[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] con l'uso prolungato di anabolizzanti o anfetamine • Experiencer[ Sono ] essere[ finito ] in[ in ] depressione[ depressione ].

NP fare carte false per VP • Max farebbe carte false per accaparrarsi quel quadro • 'Max would do anything to grab that picture'

This construction means that Experiencer[ some subject ] would do anything Goal[ to get something ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [carte false]] [per VP]]] • LU: per
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="carta" msd="PL" name="carte"
      lu="false" name="false"
      cat="PP" lu="per" name="per"
      cat="VP" name="Goal" role="Goal"
Examples: Ti Experiencer[ io ] ripeto mi dispiace e avevo anche fare[ fatto ] carte[ carte ] false[ false ] per[ per ] Goal[ essere a Roma Lido al congresso nazionale ] • Experiencer[ Sanitari ], Experiencer[ dei proprietari delle cliniche ], che fare[ fanno ] carte[ carte ] false[ false ] per[ per ] Goal[ avere più soldi. ] • Experiencer[ I nostri diplomatici ] stanno fare[ facendo ] carte[ carte ] false[ false ] per[ per ] Goal[ risolvere il pasticcio che avete combinato ].

NP fare colazione • fare colazione in qualche bar • 'to have a breakfast in a bar'

This construction means that Agent[ some subject ] has breakfast
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [colazione]]] • LU: fare
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="colazione" name="colazione"
Examples: Prima Agent[ noi ] fare_colazione[ fare[ facciamo ] colazione[ colazione ] da Starbuck's • Ci svegliamo presto e fare_colazione[ fare[ facciamo ] colazione[ colazione ] nel motel poi ci dirigiamo verso il parco • Decidiamo che dopo la freddolosa notte di fare_colazione[ fare[ fare ] colazione[ colazione ] in un coffee shop con uova, hamburger • Cannella, sono abituata a fare_colazione[ fare[ fare ] colazione[ colazione ] con il latte di soia

NP fare gola a NP • Quella torta fa gola agli amanti del cioccolato • 'That cake is tempting the chocolate lovers'

This construction means that something (usually it is about some meal) is tempting to someone
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [gola] [a NP]]] • LU: gola
Types: light_verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="gola" name="gola"
      cat="PP" lu="a" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="Beneficiary" role="Beneficiary"
Examples: Theme[ Un piatto molto ricco ] che fare_gola_a[ fare[ fa ] gola[ gola ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ tanti ] • Io certo che Theme[ i proventi legati ] ai diritti di segreteria fare_gola_a[ fare[ fanno ] gola[ gola ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ tutti ].

NP fare lo scemo con NP • Max fa lo scemo con Maria • 'Max flirts with Maria'

This construction means that Agent[ someone ] flirts with Beneficiary[ someone ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [lo scemo] [con NP]]] • LU: la ragazza
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="NP" name="Beneficiary" role="Beneficiary"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="PP" lu="con" name="con"
      cat="NP" lu="scemo" name="scemo"
Examples: Mio amico di lì mi disse che fare[ faceva ] scemo[ lo scemo ] con[ con ] Beneficiary[ una ragazza ] lì e mi infuriai • Questa sera mentre fare[ facevo ] scemo[ lo scemo ] con[ con ] Beneficiary[ la mia fidanzata ].

NP fare montare la testa • quelle ragazze gli fecero montare la testa • 'Those girls made Max get a big head'

Causitive expression which means that someone was made to have very high opinion about himself
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [fare montare [la testa] ] ] • LU: fare
Types: passiv | light verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="VP" lu="montare" name="montare"
      cat="NP" lu="testa" name="testa"
Examples: Experiencer[ Il fatto ] di scrivere per un'enciclopedia fare[ fa ] montare[ montare ] testa[ la testa ] e si perde l'umiltà.

NP fare NP 1 • Max fa l’avvocato • 'Max is a lawyer'

This construction expresses that Agent[ some subje ] ct becomes Theme[ some profession ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare NP]] • LU: fare
Types: verb | light_verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: I motivi per cui ancora oggi fare[ fare ] Theme[ l'avvocato ], svolgere la professione forense • Agent[ Giufà ] fare[ fa ] Theme[ il medico ].

NP fare NP 2 • fare lo aperitivo • 'to drink smth and have a snack'

This construction expresses that Agent[ some subject ] drinks Item[ something ] or have a snack (usually with friends).
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare NP]] • LU: fare
Types: light_verb
Elements:
      cat="NP-animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" name="Item" role="Item"
Examples: Cosa cerca Agent[ un cliente ] quando fare[ fa ] Item[ l'aperitivo ], l'apericena al bar? • Entrò, ma invece del caffè si fare[ fece ] Item[ l'aperitivo ] con le patatine.

NP fare saltare i nervi • fare saltare i nervi a qcn • 'To annoy somebody'

This construction means that someone or something annoys someone else.
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare saltare [i nervi]]] • LU: saltare
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare_saltare" name="fare_saltare"
      cat="NP" lu="i_nervi" name="i_nervi"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Uno che sa come fare_saltare[ far saltare i_nervi[ i nervi Patient[ alle persone ] e ne gode. • Con Deacon le cose non sono mai facili, il suo passatempo preferito è quello di sfottere le persone e di fare_saltare[ far saltare i_nervi[ i nervi Patient[ alla gente ] • Agent[ L'operazione è ] fare_saltare[ far saltare i_nervi[ i nervi ] ] Patient[ alla Lega ].

NP fare storie • fare un sacco di storie per nulla • 'make a lot of fuss' • 'about nothing'

This construction means that Agent[ someone ] makes a big fuss about nothing.
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [storie]]] • LU: molte
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument | cue:make
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="storie" name="storie"
Examples: Perché dovremmo fare[ fare ] tante storie[ storie ] sul futuro dell’Europa? • Pertanto, sia che i deputati viaggino verso Strasburgo sia che si spostino per raggiungere Bruxelles, davvero non mi pare il caso di fare[ fare ] tante storie[ storie ] ogni volta per quanto riguarda questa sede. • Agent[ Hanno ] fare[ fatto ] un sacco di storie[ storie ] sulla segretezza del test HIV.

NP fare un viaggio • fare un viaggio di comodità • 'have a comfortable journey'

This construction means that Agent[ some subject ] takes a trip
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [un viaggio]]] • LU: viaggio
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="viaggio" name="viaggio"
Examples: il lettore fare_un_viaggio[ fare[ fa ] viaggio[ un viaggio ] con i protagonisti del libro dentro la • Allora Agent[ noi ] abbiamo deciso di NP_fare_un_viaggio[ fare[ fare ] viaggio[ un viaggio ], non mi ricordo chi ci aveva consigliato • Ho l'occasione di fare_un_viaggio[ fare[ fare ] viaggio[ un viaggio ] oltre oceano anche perchè mi sento discretamente

NP fare una domanda [di/su NP] NP • fare una domanda sul diritto d'autore • 'face the question of copyright'

This construction means that some subject asks a question (about something) to someone
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [una domanda [di NP]]] • LU: personale
Types: verb construction | interrogative construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="domanda" name="domanda"
      cat="NP" name="Recipient" role="Recipient"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="PP" lu="di" name="di"
      cat="PP" lu="su" name="su"
Examples: Agent[ Io ] volevo Recipient[ vi ] fare_una_domanda[ fare[ farle ] domanda[ una domanda ] Theme[ sul diritto d'autore ]. • Scusate signorina posso fare_una_domanda[ fare[ farvi ] domanda[ una domanda personale ] ? • Agent[ Mi ] fare_una_domanda[ fare[ fa ] domanda[ una domanda ] di[ di ] Theme[ riserva ]?

NP fare una fotografia • lui faceva una fotografia al campionato 2010 • 'he made a picture at the 2010 championship'

This construction means that Agent[ some person ] takes a picture
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [una fotografia]]] • LU: fare
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fa" name="fare"
      name="fotografia"
Examples: Agent[ Ci ] fare_una_fotografia[ fare[ faccia ] fotografia[ una fotografia ] sommaria dei giovani italiani • Agent[ Ho ] fare_una_fotografia[ fare[ fatto ] fotografia[ una fotografia ] di questo mondo e l'ho voluto raccontare • Dopo abbiamo fare_una_fotografia[ fare[ fatto ] fotografia[ una fotografia ] per ricordo, con tutti i bambini. • Agent[ L'organismo ] voluto dal cda dovrà fare_una_fotografia[ fare[ fare ] fotografia[ una fotografia ] sulla situazione attuale del Consorzio

NP fare una passeggiata • fare una passeggiata in centro • 'to take a walk to the city-center'

This construction means that Agent[ some subject ] takes a walk
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fare [una passeggiata]]] • LU: fare
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fare"
      cat="NP" lu="passeggiata" name="passeggiata"
Examples: Dove Agent[ ci ] fare_una_passeggiata[ fare[ facciamo ] passeggiata[ una passeggiata ] di un´oretta in mezzo ai residenti che • il caso di fermarci a fare_una_passeggiata[ fare[ fare ] passeggiata[ una passeggiata ] nel Red Canyon • Decidiamo di andare di nuovo verso il porto, fare_una_passeggiata[ fare[ facciamo ] passeggiata[ una passeggiata ] ] nel parco del Presidio

NP fare una vita da cani\galera • Lui fa una vita da cani • 'He has a boring life'

An expression which means that someone has a boring life
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP una vita da cani]] • LU: galera
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="fare"
      cat="NP" name="vita"
      cat="PP" name="da"
      cat="NP" name="cani\galera"
Examples: Quest'estate Agent[ ci ] faremo fare[ fare ] vita[ una vita ] da[ da ] cani\galera[ cani ] • Agent[ Io ] non voglio più fare[ fare ] vita[ una vita ] da[ da ] cani\galera[ cani ].

NP farne/combinarne di tutti i colori • me ne ha detto di tutti i colori -- to mess things up

This construction means that Experiencer[ someone ] has done a lot of things and it leds to troubles.
Language: ita • Structure: [farne/combinarne [di [tutti i colori]]] • LU: combinarne
Types: verb | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="PP" lu="di" name="di"
      cat="VP" lu="farne" name="farne"
      cat="VP" lu="combinarne" name="combinarne"
      cat="NP" lu="tutto" name="tutti"
      cat="NP" lu="colore" name="colori"
      cat="PP" lu="i" name="i"
Examples: Experiencer[ Così cominciai ] a combinarne[ combinarne ] di_tutti_i_colori[ di[ di ] tutti[ tutti ] i[ i ] colori[ colori ] in modo da essere punito il più spesso possibile.

NP fece rompere le scatole a NP da NP • Maria fece rompere le scatole a Max da tutti • 'Maria made Max be annoyed by anyone'

This construction means that Agent[ some subject ] makes Patient[ someone ] or Patient[ something ] to be annoyed by Recipient[ some persone ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [fece [rompere [le scatole] [a NP] [da NP]]]] • LU: fece
Types: verb | prepositional | causitivised
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
      cat="NP" name="Recipient" role="Recipient"
      cat="NP" lu="scatole" name="scatole"
      cat="PP" lu="a" name="a"
      cat="PP" lu="da" name="da"
      cat="VP" lu="rompere" name="rompere"
      cat="VP" lu="fare" name="fece"
Examples: Agent[ Maria ] fece[ fece ] rompere[ rompere ] scatole[ le scatole ] a[ a ] Patient[ Max ] da[ da ] Recipient[ tutti ].

NP girare le scatole quando VP • Spesso le girano le scatole quando parla con te • 'Talking with you drives them crazy/nuts'

This construction means that Experiencer[ someone ] being upset or annoyed because of some Action[ unpleasant things ]. Usually with these mental verbs: to talk, to see, to hear, to know. The construction can be reflexive.
Language: ita • Structure: NP girare le scatole quando VP • LU: scatole
Types: reflexive
Elements:
      cat="VP" lu="girare" name="girare"
      cat="NP" lu="scatola" msd="plural form" name="scatole"
      cat="PP" lu="quando" name="quando"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
Examples: Experiencer[ Mi ] girare[ girano ] scatole[ le scatole ] Action[ quando[ quando ] sento che succedono casini • Experiencer[ Mi ] si girare[ girano ] scatole[ le scatole ] Action[ quando[ quando ] vedo che le cose non vanno come vorrei • A me girare[ girano ] scatole[ le scatole ] Action[ quando[ quando ] mi collego al sito dell'Università

NP lavorare di gomito • Quei volontari hanno lavorato di gomito a quel progetto • 'Those volunteers have worked very hard (lit. 'elbow') on that project'

Verbal expression which means that subject works at/for something very hard
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [lavorare [di gomito]]] • LU: gomito
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="lavorare"
      cat="Conj" name="di"
      cat="NP" lu="gomiti" name="gomito"
Examples: NP_lavorare_di_gomito_a_NP[ Agent[ Lui ] non finiva lavorare[ lavorare ] di[ di ] gomito[ gomito ] • Non devi NP_lavorare_di_gomito_a_NP[ lavorare[ lavorare ] di[ di ] gomito[ gomito ] a tal punto da ammazzarti • NP_lavorare_di_gomito_a_qc[ Agent[ Lui ] lavorare[ lavorava ] di[ di ] gomito[ gomiti ] a[ a ] Theme[ ottenere un molto ].

NP leccare i piedi a NP • Max lecca i piedi al (=a il) capo • 'Max licks the boss’s boots (lit. Max licks the feet to the boss)'

This construction means that Agent[ someone ] tries too hard to please Beneficiary[ someone important ]. This construction has mainly the negative semantic meaning
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [leccare [i piedi] [a NP-anim]]] • LU: pieddi
Types: prepositional | verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="leccare" name="leccare"
      cat="NP" lu="piede" msd="plural form" name="piedi"
      lu="a" name="a"
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Beneficiary" role="Beneficiary"
Examples: Quando Agent[ tutti ] leccare[ leccano ] piedi[ i piedi ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ Mora ], lui va controcorrente! • Con questo discorso non volevo leccare[ leccare ] piedi[ i piedi ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ nessuno ] • Mi dispiace dirlo ma credo che non ricevi aiuto perchè non leccare[ lecchi ] piedi[ i piedi ] a[ a ] Beneficiary[ queste persone ].

NP mandare\gettare NP in depressione • Quel la perdita ha mandato Mark in depressione • 'That loss sent Mark into depression'

Verbal expression which means that something\someone puts someone into depression
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP [NP [in depressione]]]] • LU: gettare
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="mandare\gettare"
      cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="Conj" lu="in, a" name="in\a"
      cat="NP" name="depressione"
Examples: Agent[ E 'sufficiente ] per mandare/gettare[ mandar Experiencer[ mi ] ] in\a[ a ] depressione[ depressione cronica ]. • Agent[ Trasferta lavorativa di Milano ] che Experiencer[ mi ] mandare\gettare[ ha mandato ] in\a[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] totale! • Agent[ l ] mandare\gettare[ 'hai mandato ] in\a[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] e adesso inizia a piangere • Agent[ Ogni Scudetto ] Experiencer[ ti ] mandare\gettare[ manda ] in\a[ in ] depressione[ depressione ] • Agent[ Un realismo ] che finirebbe col mandare\gettare[ mandar ] Experiencer[ ci ] in\a[ in ] depressione[ depressione ].

NP mettere da parte NP • mettere da parte un progetto • 'put aside a project'

This construction means that some subject puts aside some job or idea
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [mettere [da parte] NP]] • LU: mettere
Types: verb | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="mettere" name="mettere"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      lu="da_parte" name="da_parte"
Examples: Agent[ Ha ] mettere[ messo ] da_parte[ da parte Theme[ il piano ] • Non esitate a mettere[ mettere ] da_parte[ da parte Theme[ un progetto ] che non promette nulla di buono.

NP mettere freno a NP • mettere freno a le passioni • 'to restrain passioni'

This constructions means that some subject has the right ro prohibit something or restrains its feelings
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [mettere freno [a NP]]] • LU: freno
Types: verb | resultativ
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" lu="mettere freno" name="mettere_freno"
      lu="a" name="a"
Examples: Agent[ L'autorità ecclesiastica ] mettere_freno[ mette freni ] a[ a ] Theme[ questa passione profetica ] • Ritengo che se non Agent[ si ] mettere_freno[ metterà freno ] a[ a ] Theme[ questo sistema ] di truffe continuate nei confronti dei consumatori • Agent[ Una legge ] che, se approvata, mettere_freno[ metterebbe freno ] a[ a ] Theme[ ogni iniziativa ]

NP mettere su NP • mettere su il bollitore • 'to put the kettle on a cooker / to turn a kettle on'

This constructions means that some subject puts the kettle on a cooker / turns a kettle on
Language: ita • Structure: [NP][mettere [su [NP]]] • LU: tè
Types: verb | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="mettere" name="mettere"
      lu="su" name="su"
      cat="VP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: mettere[ Mettete ] su[ su ] Patient[ il bollitore con l´acqua e la moka ] • Agent[ E ] mi son mettere[ messo ] su[ su ] Patient[ il tè ] e ho guardato l´orologio

NP montare la testa [a/di] NP • Maria ha montato la testa 'a/di' Max • 'Maria made Max believe he was worth a lot'

Thus construction expresses situation when Agent[ some subject ] makes Recipient[ someone ] believe he is very important for him
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [montare [la testa] [a/di NP]]] • LU: monta
Types: prepositional | causitivised
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="montare" name="montare"
      cat="NP" lu="testa" name="testa"
      cat="PP" lu="a" name="a"
      cat="PP" lu="di" name="di"
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Recipient" role="Recipient"
Examples: Agent[ Avete fatto ] montare[ montare ] testa[ la testa ] a[ a ] Recipient[ Maria ], e ora non fa che "correre nel vento!" • Agent[ Attilio ] montare[ monta ] testa[ la testa ] a[ a ] Recipient[ Bonaventura ] per una denuncia di maltrattamenti • Vi riesce in tale misura che Agent[ si ] montare[ monta ] testa[ la testa ] di[ di ] Recipient[ gruppi importanti ].

NP non avere peli sulla lingua • John non ha peli sulla lingua • 'John doesn’t mince his words'

An expression which means that someone doesn’t mince his words
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [VP peli sulla lingua]] • LU: non
Types: negation
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" name="non_avere"
      cat="NP" name="peli"
      cat="PP" name="sulla"
      cat="NP" name="lingua"
Examples: E puoi vedere che Theme[ lei ] non_avere[ non ha peli[ peli ] sulla[ sulla ] lingua[ lingua ]. • E dal momento che stiamo per essere una famiglia, Theme[ io ] non_avere[ non avrò peli[ peli ] sulla[ sulla ] lingua[ lingua ]. • Theme[ Lui ] non_avere[ non ha peli[ peli ] sulla[ sulla ] lingua[ lingua ], il tuo amico. • Theme[ E talvolta ] non_avere[ non ha peli[ i peli ] sulla[ sulla ] lingua[ lingua ].

NP prendere NP per i fondelli •

This construction expresses the situation when some person or group of people or something teases someone (usually group of people)
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [prendere [NP] [per [i fondelli]]]] • LU: fondelli
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="prendere" name="prendere"
      cat="PP" lu="per" name="per"
      cat="NP" lu="fondello" msd="PL" name="fondelli"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
Examples: Agent[ Questi ] ci prendere[ prendono ] Patient[ tutti ] per[ per ] fondelli[ i fondelli ], e vorrei capire per quale losco motivo non ci sia un impegno così concreto sulle riforme fiscali. •...che quello, quando con la bava alla bocca, attraverso gli schermi della televisione, lancia il suo messaggio politico, chiaramente prendere[ prende ] Patient[ la gente ] per[ per ] fondelli[ i fondelli. ] • E' ora di finirla con questi trucchi da Agent[ parassiti ], Patient[ la gente ] dovrebbe svegliarsi e diventare consapevole di essere prendere[ presa ] per[ per ] fondelli[ i fondelli ] da questi nati stanchi.

NP prendere NP • prendere il tè • 'to have some tea'

Expression which means that someone has a drink or a snack
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [prendere NP]] • LU: prendere
Types: verb construction
Elements:
      cat="VP" lu="prendere" name="prendere"
      cat="NP" lu="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="NP" lu="food, drinks" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Vieni a prendere_NP[ main[ prendere ] Noun[ il tè ], mia cara. • Andiamo a prendere_NP[ main[ prendere ] Noun[ un caffè ] ], Rita? • Agent[ Ha ] prendere[ preso ] Patient[ il tè ].

NP prendere NP • prendere la auto • 'to go by car'

This construction expresses the situation when Agent[ some subject ] takes Theme[ transport ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [prendere NP]] • LU: prendere
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="prendere" name="prendere"
      aux="transport" cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Agent[ Di persone ] che hanno prendere[ preso ] Theme[ le auto ] con enoleggio auto • Lui ogni fine settimana prendere[ prende ] Theme[ il treno notturno ] • Beuys gli chiede di fermarsi, prendere[ prende ] Theme[ la bici dal bagagliaio ].

NP rompere le scatole a NP • Quel discorso ruppe le scatole a Max • 'This talk has annoyed Max'

Verbal expression which means that something or someone makes someone annoyed, bothered
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [rompere le scatole [a NP] ] • LU: scatole
Types:
Elements:
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="rompere"
      cat="NP" name="scatole"
      cat="Conj" name="a"
      cat="NP, anim" name="Possessee" role="Possessee"
Examples: Vai a NP_rompere_le_scatole_a_NP[ rompere[ rompere ] scatole[ le scatole ] a[ a ] Possessee[ qualcun altro ] • NP_rompere_le_scatole_a_NP[ Agent[ Lui ] sa sempre tutto di tutti e rompere[ rompe ] scatole[ le scatole ] a[ a ] Possessee[ tutti ] con le prediche infinita • NP_rompere_le_scatole_a_NP[ Agent[ Tu ] rompere[ non rompi ] scatole[ le scatole ] a[ a ] Possessee[ me ], NP_rompere_le_scatole_a_NP[ Agent[ io ] rompere[ non ] scatole[ le rompo ] a[ a ] Possessee[ te ] • NP_rompere_le_scatole_a_NP[ Agent[ Questo rumore ] rompere[ rompe ] scalote[ le scatole ] a[ a ] Possessee[ mi ].

NP salire su NP • salire sul (= su il) filobus • 'to get on the bus'

This construction means that some subject gets on the transport
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [salire [su NP]]] • LU: salire
Types: verb argument construction | prepositional | cue:rise
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="salire" name="salire"
      lu="su" name="su"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: La stazione dove salire[ salii ] su[ su ] Theme[ un treno ] per Torino • Cari colleghi, salgo su[ sul ] Theme[ filobus ] • In sei siamo salire[ salite ] su[ su ] Theme[ una jeep ] e siamo corse all’ospedale.

NP saltare NP • la lezione salta • 'the lesson is cancelled (lit. jumps)'

This construction means that Agent[ some person ] skips or misses Theme[ something ] (e.g. job)
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [saltare NP]] • LU: saltare
Types: verb argument construction | cue:jump
Elements:
      cat="NP, animate" name="Theme" role="Theme"
      cat="VP" lu="saltare" name="saltare"
      cat="NP" name="Agent" role="Agent"
Examples: Forse oggi potresti saltare_NP[ saltare[ saltare ] Theme[ la scuola ] • Devo poter saltare_NP[ saltare[ saltare ] Theme[ una delle ] sei riunioni. • Agent[ Io ] saltare_NP[ saltare[ salto ] Theme[ la verifica di biologia. ]

NP SELF attaccare a gonnella di NP • Tom si attacca alla gonnella della mamma • 'Tom is very attached to his mother'

Verbal expression which means that someone is attached to somebody and seeks protection from him/her in the meaning of hiding (=action) from the problems, etc. (nowadays used by old people mostly)
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [SELF attaccare [a [gonnella [di [NP]]] ]] ] • LU: attaccare
Types: reflexiv | state
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="REFL" name="SELF"
      cat="VP" name="attaccare"
      cat="PP" name="a"
      cat="NP" name="gonnella"
      cat="PP" name="di"
      cat="NP, anim" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Max è un bambino estremamente timido e pauroso: appena vede un estraneo SELF[ si ] attaccare[ attacca ] subito a[ alla ] gonnella[ gonnella ] di[ della ] Theme[ mamma ].

NP self montare la testa • Max si è montato la testa • 'Max got a big head' • 'thinks a lot about himself'

Expression which means that someone has a very high opinion about himself, that is usually baseless
Language: ita • Structure: [NP] [self montare [la testa] ] ] • LU: si
Types: reflexiv
Elements:
      cat="NP, anim" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="montare" name="montare"
      cat="NP" lu="testa" name="testa"
      name="SELF"
Examples: NP.Animate_montare-Pass_la_testa[ Agent[ Si ] montare[ sono un po' montati ] testa[ la testa ] • NP.Animate_montare-Pass_la_testa[ Non montare[ montarti ] testa[ la testa ] ], rammenta che sei un ciabattino • Agent[ Tonino ] montare[ SELF[ s ] 'è montato testa[ la testa ] e pensa di essere l' Uomo della Provvidenza • Basta coi complimenti, NP.Animate_montare-Pass_la_testa[ SELF[ mi ] montare[ monto ] testa[ la testa ] • Agent[ Max ] SELF[ si ] montare[ è montato ] testa[ la testa ] da quando gioca nella nuova squadra di calcio.

NP tagliare la corda • I ladri hanno tagliato la corda • 'The thieves slipped away'

This construction expresses the situation when some subject or a group of people goes away/escapes quietly (in secret)
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [tagliare [la corda]]] • LU: corda
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="tagliare" name="tagliare"
      cat="NP" lu="cora" name="corda"
Examples: Nel frattempo Agent[ i banditi avevano già ] tagliare[ tagliato ] corda[ la corda ] • Agent[ Joe ] e decide di tagliare[ tagliare ] corda[ la corda ] per cercare di salvare almeno la sua vita.

NP tenere a freno la lingua • tenere a freno la lingua • 'to stop saying unpleasant things, to stop speaking'

This construction expresses that Agent[ subject ] stops speaking/saying lingua[ some unpleasant things ]
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [tenere a freno [la lingua]]] • LU: tenere
Types: verb argument construction | constant argument | cue:hold
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="tenere_a_freno"
      cat="NP" name="lingua"
Examples: Non resterò mascherato a lungo Agent[ se ] non tenere_a_freno[ terrai a freno lingua[ la lingua ] ], amico mio • Non è colpa mia se non riesco a tenere_a_freno[ tenere a freno lingua[ la lingua ] ].

NP tenere/stare_con gli occhi aperti • Terremo gli occhi aperti • 'We keep our eyes open'

This construction means that Agent[ someone ] is (or should be) careful or attentive.
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [tenere [gli occhi] aperti]] / [NP stare [con [[gli occhi] aperti]]] • LU: occhi
Types: verb
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" lu="tenere" name="tenere"
      cat="VP" lu="stare" name="stare"
      cat="PP" lu="con" name="con"
      cat="NP" lu="gli_occhi" name="gli_occhi"
      lu="aperti" name="aperti"
Examples: Ma naturalmente continueremo a essere attivi, perché è una delle questioni su cui dobbiamo tenere[ tenere ] gli_occhi[ gli occhi costantemente aperti[ aperti ]. • Ecco perché occorrerà, d'ora in poi, tenere[ tenere ] gli_occhi[ gli occhi ben aperti[ aperti ]. • stare[ Staremo ] con[ con ] gli_occhi[ gli occhi ] bene aperti per controllare quello che avviene.

NP vederne di tutti i colori • lui vide tutti i colori • 'he experienced a lot in his life'

This construction means that Experiencer[ someone ] has seen all kinds of things in her/his life (bad and good things).
Language: ita • Structure: [NP [vederne [di [tutti i colori]]]] • LU: colori
Types: verb | prepositional
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="vederne" name="vederne"
      cat="PP" name="di_tutti_i_colori"
      cat="NP, plural" lu="tutto" name="tutti"
      cat="NP, plural" lu="colore" name="colori"
      cat="PP" lu="di" name="di"
Examples: Experiencer[ Io ] ho vissuto abbastanza da vederne[ vederne ] di_tutti_i_colori[ di[ di ] tutti[ tutti ] colori[ i colori ] ]. • A quanto Experiencer[ lui ] pare basta vivere a lungo per vederne[ vederne ] di_tutti_i_colori[ di[ di ] tutti[ tutti ] colori[ i colori ] ], nessuno escluso.

NP VP NP di seconda mano|NP di seconda mano • comprare una macchina di seconda mano • 'to buy a second-hand car'

This construction means that Theme/Patient[ something ] was used or owned by someone else before.
Language: ita • Structure: [[NP] [VP [NP]] di seconda mano]/[[NP] di seconda mano] • LU: di seconda mano
Types: adjective | ordinal
Elements:
      cat="NP" msd="animate" name="Agent" role="Agent"
      cat="VP" name="Action" role="Action"
      cat="NP" name="Patient" role="Patient"
      cat="NP" lu="di seconda mano" name="di_seconda_mano"
      cat="NP" name="Theme" role="Theme"
Examples: Agent[ Ha ] Action[ compra ] Patient[ una macchina ] di_seconda_mano[ di seconda mano ]. • Un suk che raccoglie ogni giorno fino a 15 container pieni Theme[ di materiale elettronico ] di_seconda_mano[ di seconda mano ].

NP VP su lastrico • Max è sul lastrico • 'Max is on the decline'

Verbal expression which means that somebody is / will be in hard times (i.e. broke, bankrupt )
Language: ita • Structure: [ NP [VP [su [lastrico] ] ] ] • LU: lastrico
Types: verb
Elements:
      aux="often organisations, companies" cat="NP" name="Experiencer" role="Experiencer"
      cat="VP" lu="essere, stare, andare, finire, -diventare" name="VP"
      cat="Conj" name="sul"
      cat="NP" name="lastrico"
Examples: Experiencer[ I produttori agricoli ] VP[ sono ] su[ sul ] lastrico[ lastrico ] • Experiencer[ Tante aziende sane ] VP[ stanno ] su[ sul ] lastrico[ lastrico ] perché pagano le tasse • VP[ La gente ] VP[ vanno ] su[ sul ] lastrico[ lastrico ] a causa di video-poker • Experiencer[ Lucia ] VP[ è finita ] su[ sul ] lastrico[ lastrico ] e non poter più abitare nella sua casa